Participles are:

1. Participles are: Adjectives Verbal Verbs that retain some of their “verbness” Transformed into adjectives. These hybrids now function grammatically as adjectives.

2. How do we make these cool hybrids First we decide on the breed of hybrid we want: Present Active Participles Perfect Passive Participles Future Active Participles First, we’ll focus on Present Active everybody’s asking

3. Let’s make Present Active Participles! Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives, so we start with a verb do, dare, dedi, datum Present Participles use the present stem of the verb, so we begin with the 2nd principle part: dare da and we drop the “-re” from the end

4. Like all participles, present participles are adjectives, so they decline like adjectives. To the present stem, we add the letters “-ns” in the nominative singular da ns For other cases, we add the letters “nt” to the stem and then the endings for 3rd declension adjectives da nt is

5. Declension of a Present Participle Present participles decline like 3rd declension adjectives: Neuter Singular Plural Nom. dans dantia Gen. dantis dantium Dat. danti dantibus Acc. dans dantia Abl. dante/danti dantibus Masculine / Feminine Singular Plural Nom. dans dantes Gen. dantis dantium Dat. danti dantibus Acc. dantem dantes Abl. dante/danti dantibus **3rd io and 4th conjugation verbs have the “ie” vowel combination – i.e. fugio becomes fugiens

6. Warning! • io verbs (3rd IO & 4th) have 2 stem vowels (i and e) just like they do in the imperfect • so capio, capere, cepi, captus looks like: Masculine / Feminine Singular Plural Nom. capiens capientes Gen. capientis capientium Dat. capienti capientibus Acc. capientem capientes Abl. capiente capientibus

7. Translating Present Participles To translate a Present Participle, we just add – “ing” to the verb So, if the verb is peto, petere = to seek the participle, petens, is “seeking” So, if the verb is amo, amare = to love the participle, amans, is “loving”

8. So, Present Participles are really EASY!!! All Present Participles are EASY to spot because they have the letters “ns” or “nt” just like in the word “present”! Let’s try this out. . . Puer matri rosas dans est pius. The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good.

9. Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. As adjectives, they follow the same rules as other Latin adjectives. That means they have to agree with the nouns they modify in Case, Number, and Gender. In our example dans is the adjective modifying puer. Both are Nominative, Singular, Masculine. Puer matri rosas dans est pius. = The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good.

10. Remember participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. But unlike other adjectives, participles can still do verb-like things. They can still have direct and indirect objects. Let’s give our participle a direct object so we can try this out! Puer matri rosasdans est bonus. = The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good.

11. Let’s try some more sentences Matres filios laudantes sunt felices. The mothers, praising their sons, are happy. Barbillus operas mercatorem vexantes habet. Barbillus has thugs annoying the merchant. Vir servīs crocodilos interficientibus hastas dedit. The man gave spears to the slaves killing crocodiles.

12. Let’s review: Participles are Verbal Adjectives We transformed verbs into adjectives, and now they act like adjectives while retaining some of their “verbness” As adjectives, participles decline like adjectives and follow the rules that all other adjectives follow. Because they used to be verbs, participles still take direct and indirect objects.