NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

QUESTION 1 DNA

QUESTION 2 To store and transmit the genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them

QUESTION 3 They form the structural units of cells and help control chemical processes within cells.

Question 4 The nucleotide. They are arranged in two long complementary chains.

Question 5 A nitrogen-containing base, a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.

Question 6 Adenine, abbreviated A Guanine, abbreviated G Cytosine, abbreviated C Thymine, abbreviated T

Purines: Adenine and Guanine. Have two carbon rings Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine. Have a single carbon ring.

Question 8 James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

Question 9 The alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate molecules which are linked together by covalent bonds.

Two Views of the DNA backbone Sugars Phosphates

The backbone is shown in yellow in this diagram. Notice that there are two backbones, one for each of the strands of nucleotides

Question 10 They are covalently bonded to the deoxyribose sugar and then to the complementary nitrogen base in the other strand by hydrogen bonds.

Backbone Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds

Question 11 Guanine from one nucleotide strand will always pair with cytosine from the other strand using three hydrogen bonds and adenine from one strand will pair with thymine from the other using two hydrogen bonds.

Backbone Two Three

Question 12 The process of copying DNA in a cell.

Question 13 The two nucleotide chains separate by unwinding, and each chain serves as a template for a new nucleotide chain.

Red color is the new strand.Blue color is the original strand.

The point at which the two nucleotide chains separate Replication Fork Question 14

Question 15 They separate the two complementary chains of nucleotides in the DNA molecule by moving along the molecule and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases.

DNA Helicase

Question 16 Bind to a separated chain of nucleotides, move along the separated chain and assemble a new chain using free nucleotides in the nucleus and the separated chain as a template.

DNA Helicase Polymerase Polymerase

Question 17 The complementary nature of the two chains of nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule. If the original chain of nucleotides has a nitrogen base sequence of CATCAA the other assembled beside it would be GTAGTT.

Red color is the new strand,blue color the original strand. The red box is showing the complementary bases mentioned in the last slide. DNA Helicase Polymerase Polymerase

Question 18 It proceeds in opposite directions on each original strand. Replication begins simultaneously at many points along one original strand and at just one point on the other original strand.

DNA Helicase Polymerase Direction of Replication Polymerase Polymerase Polymerase Polymerase

Question 19 Two new exact copies of the original DNA molecule. Each molecule has one original strand of nucleotides and a copied complementary strand.

Original DNA strands opened up Original DNA Two new molecules of DNA each with one old and one new strand

Practice making a copy of DNA

Question 20 Replication is very accurate, only about one error in every 10,000 paired nucleotides.

Question 21 A mutation

Question 22 Enzymes that proofread DNA and repair errors

Question 23 A variety of agents, including chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and other forms of radiation.

The transfer of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosomes. Question 24

Question 25 The nucleotide.

The sugar in RNA is ribose in DNA it’s deoxyribose. RNA has the nitrogen base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine as in DNA Question 26

Question 27 Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), combines with proteins to make up the two subunits of a ribosome

Question 27 (continued) Transfer RNA (tRNA) -each binds to a particular amino acid and brings it to the ribosome

Question 28 The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to mRNA

Question 29 RNA polymerase. Makes RNA copies of specific sequences of DNA

A specific region of DNA that marks the beginning of that part of the DNA chain that will be transcribed. Question 30 The DNA unwinds and the RNA polymerase binds at a particular site on the DNA. The initial binding site is called the "promoter region".

Question 31 That portion of the DNA molecule (only one of the two nucleotide strands) that is copied by RNA polymerase.

Template strand DNA

Question 32 The nitrogen base sequence on the template chain and complementary base pairing by RNA polymerase.

Template strand Nitrogen base sequence on DNA Complementary base pairing on mRNA DNA

Template strand DNA Question 33 Uracil

The termination signal - a specific sequence of nucleotides on the template that marks the end of a gene. Template strand DNA Question 34

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Presentation Transcript

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 25 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 10 Nucleic Acids and Protein synthesis

Unit 7: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Ch. 10: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 25 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 7: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis