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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Part 1 – The Backbone of O-Chem. Introduction. How would you describe a diamond crystal? How about graphite (aka pencil lead)? What about a plastic grocery bag?. These items are all made entirely or mostly of carbon!!. Objective.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Part 1 – The Backbone of O-Chem

  2. Introduction • How would you describe a diamond crystal? • How about graphite (aka pencil lead)? • What about a plastic grocery bag? These items are all made entirely or mostly of carbon!!

  3. Objective • Describe how carbon can bond to form a large variety of molecules ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules.

  4. Why Carbon is Unique (and therefore Awesome) • With your model kits, make a single bond and a double bond? Which is easier to pull apart? • Even a single bond between carbon atoms is pretty strong. • Double bonds and triple bonds are stronger!

  5. Why Carbon is Unique (and therefore Awesome) • Discuss: Given the examples of carbon earlier, would you say carbon is stable or not? 2) Carbon compounds are not extremely reactive under ordinary circumstances.

  6. Why Carbon is Unique (and therefore Awesome) • Again with your model kits, how many bonds can each carbon atom make? 3) Carbon can form up to 4single covalent bonds, so a wide variety of compounds is possible.

  7. Allotropes • Allotrope – different bonding arrangements of carbon • Some examples are: • Tetrahedral Network – Diamond • Sheets of carbon – Graphite • Chains of carbon – Polymers • Buckminsterfullerene • Think back to the diamond, graphite, and plastic bag. • Guess: Which one of these is an interlocking network, which one is made of sheets of carbon, and which one is made of long chains of carbon?

  8. Organic Compounds • Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen. Knowing this, could you imagine making the diamond or buckminsterfullerene structure? Organic Compounds – almost all compounds with carbon

  9. Organic Compound Types 1) Hydrocarbons – organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen

  10. Hydrocarbon Subtypes • Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms? 1a) Alkanes - straight or branched carbon chains containing ONLY single bonds Names end in –ane Example: Propane

  11. Hydrocarbon Subtypes • Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms? 1b) Alkenes – carbon chains containing AT LEAST ONE double bond Names end in –ene Example: Propene

  12. Hydrocarbon Subtypes • Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms? 1c) Alkynes – carbon chains containing AT LEAST ONE triple bond Names end in –yne Example: Propyne

  13. Hydrocarbon Subtypes • Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms? 1d) Rings – carbons are in a ring structure; may have single, double, and/or triple bonds. Names start with cyclo- Example: Cyclopropane

  14. Hydrocarbon Subtypes • Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms? 1e) Aromatic hydrocarbons – Ringed hydrocarbons with large resonance Example: Benzene (C6H6) =

  15. Organic Compound Types • You’ve probably heard of other organic compounds or molecules. What are some? 2) Other organic compounds – organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one functional group

  16. Organic Compound Types Functional Groups – portion of an organic molecule that contains other elements: O, N, P, S, and the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) These groups usually determine the properties of the substance • You’ve probably heard of other organic compounds or molecules. What are some?

  17. Isomers • Try making C4H10 with your model kits. Are all of your molecules the same? Isomers – compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures Example:

  18. Drawing Structures • Carbon will ALWAYS have 4 BONDS • Each atom is represented by its chemical symbol • Double bonds – 2 lines Triple bonds – 3 lines Single bonds – 1 lines or no lines

  19. Structures Practice • Try drawing structures for the following molecules in your notes: • An alkyne that contains 5 carbon atoms • Two isomers of C4H10 • C4H6 as a cycloalkene

  20. Homework • Pp. 686 in Holt, #1-10

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