Presenting…

1. Presenting… The Three Amigos

2. Who are the Three Amigos? Fragments Run-Ons Comma Splices

3. Paco: The Problem • Paco will present the problems. • He will show us the different types of fragments, run-ons, and comma splices we can create when trying to write complete sentences.

4. Cactus: The Solution • Cactus will explain the solutions. • He will show us how to get rid of fragments, run-ons, and comma splices, so we can write complete sentences.

5. What is a Fragment? • A fragment is less than a sentence because: • It lacks a subject • It lacks a verb or • It does not express a complete thought

6. Different Types of Fragments • The most common types of fragments are: • Dependent word fragments • – ing and to fragments • Added-detail fragments • Missing subject fragments

7. Dependent Word Fragments • Contain a subject and a verb • Do not express a complete thought • Depend on another statement to complete the thought • Example: Because there was a mosquito in the room. I could not fall asleep.

8. Dependent Words • Some common dependent words are: After If What Although Since When Because That Which Before Unless While Even if Until Who

9. Correcting Dependent Word Fragments • To correct a dependent-word fragment, connect it to the sentence that comes before or after it. • Although we had eaten a full meal. We still ordered desert. • Although we had eaten a full meal, we still ordered desert. or • Some people are victims of migraines. That force them to lie motionless in bed for many hours. • Some people are victims of migraines that force them to lie motionless in bed for many hours.

10. – ing and to Fragments • When –ing or to appears at the beginning of a word group, a fragment may result. • Examples: • Cliff sat by the telephone for hours. Hoping that Lisa would call. • To balance their checkbooks without making mistakes. Many people use calculators.

11. Correcting – ing and to Fragments • There are two ways to correct this kind of fragment: • Connect an –ing or to fragment to the sentence it explains. • Cliff sat by the telephone for hours hoping that Lisa would call. • Create a complete sentence by adding a subject and verb to the fragment. • Many people use calculators. They want to balance their checkbooks without making mistakes.

12. Added-detail Fragments • This type of fragment often begins with one of the following words: • like, including, especially, also, for example, for instance, except, without, such as • Examples: • Almost everyone loves ice cream. Especially vanilla. • Many college students experience a great deal of stress. For instance, about money, grades, and personal relationships.

13. Correcting Added-detail Fragments • There are two ways to correct an added-detail fragment: • Add the fragment to the sentence it explains. (Normally use a comma) • Almost everyone loves ice cream, especially vanilla. • Create a new sentence by adding a subject and verb to the fragment. • Many college students experience a great deal of stress. For instance, they worry about money, grades, and personal relationships

14. Missing Subject Fragments • Have a verb, but lack a subject. • Examples: • The telephone caller kept asking questions. But did not identify herself. • The children dug a large hole in the grass. And then tried to fill it with water.

15. Correcting Missing Subject Fragments • There are two ways to correct this type of fragment: • Connect the missing-subject fragment to the sentence it follows. • The telephone caller kept asking questions but did not identify herself. • Add a subject (usually a pronoun) to the fragment. • The children dug a large hole in the grass. Then they tried to fill it with water.

16. Let’s Practice Correcting Fragments… Text Pages 769-770

17. What is a Run-On? • A run-on is two complete thoughts that run together with no punctuation mark given to mark the break between them. • The two sentences are stuck together into one sentence.

18. Example: Run-On • Run-On: • Computer skills are useful in college they will help you in the job market as well. • Complete Statement 1: • Computer skills are useful in college. • Complete Statement 2: • They will help you in the job market as well.

19. Correcting Run-Ons • Here are three methods of correcting run-ons: • Divide the run-on into two sentences. • Computer skills are useful in college. They will help you in the job market as well.

20. Correcting Run-Ons • Put a comma plus a joining word (FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) between the two complete thoughts. • Computer skills are useful in college, and they will help you in the job market. Notes: Be sure to use a logical joining word (and = in addition, but = however, so = as a result, for = because). The comma always goes before the joining word.

21. Correcting Run-Ons • Use subordination to make one of the complete thoughts dependent on the other one. • Although computer skills are useful in college, they will help you in the job market as well. Note Be sure to put a comma at the end of the dependent-word group that begins a sentence.

22. What is a Comma Splice? • A comma splice is two complete thoughts that are separated by a comma alone. • A comma alone is not enough to mark the break between complete statements.

23. Example: Comma Splice • Comma Splice: • Kevin was always nervous about tests, his grades were usually the highest in the class. • Complete Statement 1: • Kevin was always nervous about tests. • Complete Statement 2: • His grades were usually the highest in the class.

24. Correcting Comma Splices • A comma splice can be corrected by using one of the following three methods: • Divide the comma splice into two sentences. • Kevin was always nervous about tests. His grades were usually the highest in the class.

25. Correcting Comma Splices • Connect the two complete thoughts by placing a joining word (FANBOYS) after the comma. • Kevin was always nervous about tests, but his grades were usually the highest in the class. • Use subordination (add a dependent word to one of the complete thoughts). • Kevin was always nervous about tests although his grades were usually the highest in the class.