War of 1812: Key Events and Figures

1. Test Review

2. Who saved valuables when the White House was burned by the British during the War of 1812? • Dolly Madison • Legalized form of kidnapping and forced into military service. • impressment • Who was the first Secretary of War? • Henry Knox • People willing to take a risk in hopes of a future financial gain. • speculator • 5. On March 26, 1814 Andrew Jackson fought the ____, killing 800 of the 1,000 Native Americans. • Battle of Horseshoe Bend • The Star Spangle Banner was written at the Battle of Fort ____. • McHenry

3. An American lawyer wrote a poem which would later become our National anthem. • Francis Scott Key • The British viewed their actions of burning Washington as a fair retaliation for the Americans burning of____. • York • Secretly arranged for construction of fleet on the coast of Lake Erie. "We have met the enemy and they are ours“ • Oliver Perry • _____ is the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to strike down that were not. • Judicial Review • Criticized Aaron Burr in a published document when he decided to run for governor of New York. Burr shot and killed ____ in a duel. • Alexander Hamilton

4. What was the treaty that ended the War of 1812? • Treaty of Ghent • To stamp out the movement of Tecumseh’s, William Henry Harrison gathered a force in 1811 marched and fought in what is known as the _____. • Battle of Tippecanoe • ____ was the Shawnee leader who believed Native Americans must unite to protect their lands. • Tecumseh • ___ was the name given to members of Congress who would vote for war. • War Hawk • __ was the Shoshone woman who joined Lewis and Clark expedition as a guide and interpreter. • Sacagawea • ___ mapped out much of the land along the upper Mississippi in 1805 and then headed west to find the headwaters of the Arkansas River in 1806. • Zebulon Pike

5. ____ was the land that the United States bought from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars. • Louisiana Purchase • ____ served as Chief Justice for 34 years and was responsible for making the Supreme Court into a powerful independent branch of the federal government • John Marshall • ____ limited the rights of immigrates and prevents people from criticizing the government. • Alien-Sedition Act • In June 1798, Congress suspended trade with France and directed the navy to capture their ships. The United States was soon fighting an undeclared war at sea which to be known as a ____. • Quasi-War • In the election of 1796 who became President by a 71-68 elector vote? • John Adams

6. ____ referred to his election as President as the “Revolution of 1800.” • Thomas Jefferson • Washington’s Farewell Address warned Americans against what? • Sectionalism • In the Northwest Territory, a Chief of the Miami people named _____ had formed a confederacy of the Miami, Shawnee, Delaware and other groups. • Little Turtle • Washington sent _____ from South Carolina to negotiate a treaty with Spain. • Thomas Pinckney • Hoping to avoid war with Britain, Washington sent ___ to negotiate a treaty. • John Jay

7. __ meant that American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain. • most-favored status • ___ the philosophy that agricultural and owning land is the backbone of the economy. This was the thought of Thomas Jefferson. • agrarianism • What were the nation’s first two political parties? • Federalist/Democratic-Republicans • Hamilton believed that _____ and ___ were the basis of national wealth and power. • manufacturing/trade • Why did Madison object to Hamilton’s plan for a national bank? • was not an enumerated power • In August 1794 President Washington sent nearly 15,000 troops to crush the ___ it was the first time the federal government used troops against its own citizens. • Whiskey Rebellion

8. In 1791 Hamilton urged Congress to impose a tax on the manufacturing of what? • whiskey • Hamilton favored a ________. • strong national government • Hamilton’s supporters were known as ____. • Federalist • In 1791 ______ was established for a 20 year period. • Bank of the United States • Who argued that a national bank was necessary to collect taxes, regulate trade and provide for the common defense? • Alexander Hamilton

9. To fund the Revolutionary War, the Confederation Congress had issued ____ paper notes promising to repay money after a certain length of time with interest. • bonds • Why is Federal Hall identified as “the seat of Congress”? • first legislative • What law required importers to pay a percentage of the value of their cargo when they landed it in the United States? • Tariff of 1789 • One of the most important acts Congress was the introduction of the __. • Bill of Rights • Who was the first chief justice of the United States? • John Jay

10. In ______ Congress established 13 district courts, 3 courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court. • Judiciary Act of 1789 • The department heads or advisors were known as ___ members. • Cabinet • In 1789 Congress created what departments? • Treasury, War, Attorney General and State • Andrew Jackson would become a national hero after the Battle of__. • New Orleans • The feeling of strong patriotism. • nationalism • A government ban on trade with other countries. • embargo

12. Chapter 6 Federalist And Republicans 1789-1816

13. In the first government under the Constitution, important new institutions, included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and national bank. • Political parties gradually developed from the different views of citizens in the Northwest, West, and South. • The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs including the War of 1812 with Great Britain.

14. With the adoption of the new Constitution, Americans and their leaders had to establish a central government to deal effectively with the challenges facing the new nations.

15. New President On what date did the ballots of the first presidential electors were counted? April 6, 1789 Who became the president? George Washington Americans would greeted the news of Washington becoming president with excitement and joy. Washington though dreaded his election he described his feelings as “not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution.”

16. George Washington • George Washington had no desire to be president after the Constitutional Convention. • His dream was to settle down to a quiet life at his Virginia estate, Mount Vernon. • The American people wanted a strong national leader of great authority as their first president. • As hero of the Revolution, Washington was the unanimous choice in the first presidential ballot.

17. Creating New Government • Philadelphia Convention had given the nation a new Constitution. • What task did Washington and the new Congress face? • To take the words of the Constitution and turn it into an effective government for the United States.

18. One of the first tasks of the new government was to provide the president with what? Authority to handle different responsibilities.

19. In 1789 Congress created the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of War, and the Office of the Attorney General. President George Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton became head of the Treasury Department, General Henry Knox served as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph became the first Attorney General.

20. This group of department heads who advised the president became known as the what? Cabinet Department of Homeland Security

21. Judiciary Act of 1789 • One of the first tasks Washington and Congress tackled was the creation of a Judicial Branch. • The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system, headed by a Supreme Court, but it failed to spell out the details. • The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court consisting of a Chief Justice and 5 associate justices. • It also set up 3 federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts throughout the country. • Section 25 of the act is one of the most important provisions of the law, allowed state court decision to be appealed to a federal court when unconstitutional issues were raised.

22. John Jay • In 1789, George Washington nominated Jay as the first Chief Justice of the United States. Serving from 1790-1795, Jay was instrumental in establishing the internal procedures of the Court and setting legal precedents. • His most notable case was Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), in which Jay and the Court affirmed that some of the state's sovereignty was subordinate to the United Constitution. • Unfavorable reaction to the decision led to the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment which denied federal courts authority in suits against a state by citizens of a different state or by subjects or citizens of a foreign state.

23. In 1791, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution went into effect. These amendments were known as the what? • Bill of Rights • The first eight amendments offered safeguard for what? • Individual rights against actions of the federal government

24. The Ninth Amendment states that people have rights other than the ones listed. • The Tenth Amendment states that any powers not specifically listed to the federal government would be reserved for the states.

25. What were some of the first tasks the new government faced? • Had to organize itself. • Departments were set up to handle different responsibilities. • Individuals had to be chosen to head these departments. • Congress had to introduce and pass the Bill of Rights.

26. Financing the Government • By the end of 1789, the government needed additional monies to continue to operate. • James Madison and Alexander Hamiltoncame up with two very different plans to help the government with its finances.

27. James Madisonfelt the government should raise money by taxing imports from other countries. • The Tariff of 1789made all importers pay 5% of the value of their cargo when they landed in the United States.

28. 2 Financing the Government • Shippers were also required to pay tax depending on how much their ships carried. • Who did not like this plan? • Southern planters • They began feeling the government did not have their best interests in mind. • Alexander Hamilton supported the tariff, but he felt the government also needed the ability to borrow money.

29. To finance the Revolutionary War, the Confederation Congress had issued bonds what are these? • Paper notes promising to repay money within a certain amount of time with interest. • Southerners were upset because Northerners owned the bonds while most of the tax money used to pay off the debt would come from the South.

30. District of Columbia • To win support for his debt plan from Southern states. • Hamilton suggested the nation’s capital from New York City to a new city in the South on the banks of the Potomac River. • The South had always been concerned about domination by the more urban North, so this idea pleased Southerners, particularly Virginians such as Madison and Jefferson, who believed that a Southern site for the capital would make the government more responsive to their interests. • In doing this Virginians agreed to back the debt plan. • In 1790 the debt bill passed Congress along with the authorization for the construction of a new capital in the District of Columbia.

32. Pierre L’Enfant a French engineer, drew up the plans for the new capital. • Pierre Charles L'Enfant, who came to America from France to fight in the Revolutionary War and rose from obscurity to become a trusted city planner for George Washington. • L'Enfant designed the city from scratch, envisioning a grand capital of wide avenues, public squares and inspiring buildings in what was then a district of hills, forests, marshes and plantations.

33. Hamilton wanted to accept these debts at full value, believing the bond owners would then have a stake in the success of the government and be willing to lend money in the future.

34. The opposition, led by Madison, felt that Hamilton’s plan was unfair to farmers and war veterans who had sold their bonds to speculators. • What is a speculator? • People willing to take a risk with the hope of future financial gain.

35. Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank so that the government could manage its debts and interest payments. • The bank would also give loans to the government and individuals and issue paper money. • The paper money would in turn encourage trade and investments and stimulate economic growth.

36. Why did Madison object to Hamilton’s plan for a national bank? • Because it was not among the federal government’s enumerated powers. • What are these? • Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

37. Was the Bank of the United State passed? • Yes after Hamilton argued that the “necessary and proper” clause in Article I Section 8, of the Constitution created what type of powers? • Implied or powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but necessary for the government to do its job.

38. In 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress. • Who would be upset about this tax? • Farmers-Why? 2/7

39. Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 what happened? • Whiskey Rebellion • Washington sent 15,000 to stop the rebellion. • There was no fight but this would worry citizens since it saw the federal government was not afraid to use troops against its own citizens. 28

40. Rise of Political Parties • During Washington's first term in office the debate over Hamilton’s financial program split Congress into factions. • These factions became the nation’s first political parties. • What was these parties? • Federalist- Hamilton’s supporters

41. Democratic-Republicans- Although most people referred to them as Republicans Hamilton’s opponents led by Jefferson and Madison. • In 1800s the party became known as the Democrats. • Today we know the republican party is different.

42. What caused the split in Congress that led to the formation of political parties? • Debate over Hamilton’s financial program. • Federalist/Hamilton wanted a strong national governmentin the hands of the wealthy. • Believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power.

43. Competing National Visions Hamilton and the Federalists National government supreme Ruling power given to wealthy, educated Government should promote manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs protect domestic industries Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans State governments supreme Ruling power given to all landowners Government should promote agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs burden farmers

44. Why did Madison object to Hamilton’s plan for a national bank? • Argued that Congress could not establish a bank because it was not among the federal government’s enumerated powers. • Bank would forge an unhealthy alliance between the government and wealthy business interests. • Madison also argued the Constitution made no provision for a national bank. • Hamilton would convince Washington and a majority in Congress to accept his views and the federal government established the Bank of the United States.

45. Partisan Politics United States faced difficult foreign policy challenges during the presidencies of Washington and Adams.

46. Washington’s Foreign Policy • French Revolution started shortly after Washington was inaugurated in 1789. • Americans were divided over the French Revolution. • Federalists opposed violence. • Republicans supported it because it was fight for liberty. • Why did Washington choose neutrality in the war between Britain and France? • To avoid both war with Britain and breaking the treaty with France.

47. Why did Washington choose neutrality in the war between Britain and France? • Issued a proclamation stating that the United States would remain friendly and impartial between the two countries and to avoid war with Britain and breaking the treaty with France.

48. What did the British do to cause Washington to send John Jay to Britain? • The British intercepted neutral ships, including American ships carrying goods to French ports. • Washington hoped to avoid another war with the British.

49. Jay’s Treaty • What did this treaty do? • Gave Britain the right to seize American cargo heading for French ports. • The British gave the U.S. most-favored nation status. • This meant that American merchants would not be discriminated against trade with Britain. • Treaty would prevent war and protect American economy.

50. What country was concerned about Jay’s Treaty with the British? • Spain thought the U.S. and Great Britain might join forces and take over the Spanish holdings in North America. • So who would negotiate a treaty with Spain? • Thomas Pinckney