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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Financial Management. Learning Objectives. Describe the cycle of money, the participants in the cycle, and the common objective of borrowing and lending. Distinguish the four main areas of finance and briefly explain the financial activities that each encompasses.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Financial Management

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the cycle of money, the participants in the cycle, and the common objective of borrowing and lending. • Distinguish the four main areas of finance and briefly explain the financial activities that each encompasses. • Explain the different ways of classifying financial markets. • Discuss the three main categories of financial management. • Identify the main objective of the financial manager and how that objective might be achieved.

  3. Learning Objectives(continued) • Explain how the finance manager interacts with both internal and external players. • Delineate the main types of business organizations and their respective advantages and disadvantages. • Illustrate agency theory and the principal-agent problem. • Review issues in corporate governance and business ethics.

  4. Definition of Finance: • Finance is the art and science of managing wealth. • It is about making decisions regarding what assets to buy/sell and when to buy/sell these assets. • Its main objective is to make individuals and their businesses better off.

  5. Definition of financial management • Financial management is generally defined as those activities that create or preserve the economic value of the assets of an individual, small business, or corporation. • Financial management comes down to making sound financial decisions.

  6. 1.1 The Cycle of Money • Financial intermediaries assist in the movement of money, from lenders to borrowers and back again. • This process is termed the cycle of moneyand its main objective is to make all the participants better off

  7. Figure 1.1 The money cycle

  8. Example 1: The Money Cycle • Example: A mutual fund issues shares which are bought by individuals • The pooled funds are invested by the mutual fund company in shares that are issued by firms • The firms pay dividends periodically which are received by the mutual fund and passed through to their shareholders, or reinvested in additional shares and the cycle of money starts again. • The mutual fund managers earn fees; • the firms whose securities are bought are able to raise capital for growth and future returns; and • the mutual fund shareholders earn dividends and capital gains. • Thus, all participants are generally better off.

  9. 1.2 Overview of Finance Areas 4 main interconnected and interrelated areas. 1. Corporate Finance 2. Investments 3. Financial Institutions and Markets 4. International Finance.

  10. 1.3 Financial Markets • Forums where buyers and sellers of financial assets and commodities meet. • Financial markets can be classified by: • Type of asset traded • Maturity of the financial asset • moneymarket • capital market • Owner of the financial asset • primary market • secondary market • Nature of transaction • dealer markets • auction markets

  11. 1.4 The Finance Manager and Financial Management Finance manager • Has to determine the best repayment structure for borrowed funds • Makes sure that debt obligations are met on time • Ensures that sufficient funds are available for carrying out daily operations.

  12. 1.4 The Finance Manager and Financial Management (continued) Financial management involves 3 main functions • Capital Budgeting • Capital Structure • Working Capital Management

  13. 1.5 Objective of the Finance Manager To make investment and financing decisions that increase the cash flow of the firm, thereby maximizing the current stock price Profit maximization vs. Stock price maximization Why are they not the same? Which one is more important?

  14. 1.6 Internal and External Players • Financial managers have to interact with various internal and external stakeholders • Internal players include all the departmental managers and other employees • External parties include: • Customers • Suppliers • Government • Creditors

  15. Figure 1.2 A Basic Organizational Chart for a Company

  16. 1.7 The Legal Forms of Business • There are three main legal categories of business organizations: 1. Sole proprietorship 2. Partnership 3. Corporation • Besides these 3 main forms some other forms of business organizations include: Hybrid Corporations Not-for-Profit Corporations

  17. 1.7 The Legal Forms of Business (continued) Sole Proprietorship • Advantages • Simplest and easiest form of business. • Least amount of legal documentation. • Least regulated. • Owner keeps all profits • Disadvantages • Owner pays personal tax rate on profits • Obligations of the business are sole responsibility of owner, and personal assets may be necessary to pay obligations (personal and business assets are commingled). • Business entity limited to life of owner. • Can have limited access to outside funding for the business.

  18. 1.7 The Legal Forms of Business (continued) Partnership • Advantages • Agreements between partners may be easily formed • Involves more individuals as owners and therefore usually more expertise • Larger amount of capital usually available to the business (compared to proprietorship) • Disadvantages • Assets of general partners are commingled with assets of the business • Profits treated as personal income for tax purposes • Difficult to transfer ownership

  19. 1.7 The Legal Forms of Business (continued) Corporation • Advantages • Business is legal, separate entity from owners • Owners have limited liability to obligations of the business • Easy to transfer ownership • Usually greater access to capital for business • Owners do not have any personal liability for default • Disadvantages • Most difficult business operation to form • Double taxation of company profits • Most regulated. 

  20. 1.8 The Financial Management Setting: The Agency Model • Agency relationship • Agency conflict • Why does it arise? • How can it be minimized? • Principal-agent problem • Agency theory • Agency costs

  21. 1.9 Corporate Governance and Business Ethics • Corporate governance deals with…. • how a company conducts its business and implements controls to ensure proper procedures and ethical behavior. • The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, enacted in 2002, requires that • The CEO and CFO attest to the fairness of the financial reports. • The company maintains an effective internal control structure around financial reporting. • The company and its auditors assess the effectiveness of the controls over the most recent fiscal year.

  22. 1.10 Why Study Finance? • Understand how and why financial decisions are made in large and small companies. • Helps individuals increase their own compensations, • Improves contributions to the success of the companies that people work for. • Understand the tradeoffs we face in making personal financial choices and help us to select the most appropriate action.

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