Stage 41

1. Stage 41 BITHYNIAGrammar:1. conditional sentences2. more on cum clausesCulture:Government of the Roman Provinces

2. BITHYNIA - history • When the last king of Bithynia died in 74 BCE, he bequeathed his country -which belonged to the Greek world- to the Romans. However, it took seven years for the new masters to pacify the country, because the king of nearby Pontus, Mithridates IV, had set eyes on the neighboring state. Ultimately, the Roman general Pompey the Great defeated the enemy, and a new province was created: Bithynia-Pontus.

3. BITHYNIA - Pompey • Pompey launched a program of forced urbanization and settled many veterans in new towns in the hinterland. Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius continued this policy, and it comes as no surprise that the province boasted of towns with names like Pompeiopolis, Juliopolis, Germanicopolis (after Tiberius' nephew) and Claudiopolis. After Augustus, the Anatolian plateau was settled as well. • This caused problems in the old cities along the coast. They no longer controlled the trade routes, and many enterprising people moved to the new towns. Of course, this was a crisis in slow motion: the ancient economy was based on agriculture, and this sector remained unaffected. But during a famine, it was more difficult to buy food, and certain articles were no longer easily obtainable.

4. BITHYNIA – Trajan • One aspect of the crisis deserves special attention. There are indications that the population of the old cities decreased (and we can imagine that people settled in the boom towns on the Anatolian plateau). When the population of a region decreases, this usually results in a fall of the rent, because demand diminishes. This meant that the rich land-owners of Bithynia-Pontus lost income. • However, a rich man had expensive responsibilities. He was more or less obliged to pay for new buildings, and if it was possible, these new buildings had to be more impressive than those built by other people. The rich Bithynians still felt this responsibility and were still involved in this competition. Accordingly, they spent a lot of money, money they no longer had. At the end of the first century, the financial crisis could no longer be ignored, and Trajan sent Pliny to create order.

5. BITHYNIA - Pliny • Pliny's full title as governor of Bithynia-Pontus was legatusAugusti pro praetoreconsularipotestate ex senatusconsulto missus. • This is not an ordinary title. The first four words are the normal name of the governor of one of the imperial provinces. However, Bithynia was not an imperial province. It was senatorial and the governor was called proconsul. (Imperial provinces were governed by the emperor, senatorial provinces by the Senate.) • Therefore, Pliny was ex senatusconsulto missus, which means that he was sent in accordance with a Senate's decree. Finally, the words consularipotestate mean that the new governor had full consular powers. This was most unusual.

6. BITHYNIA • We possess the entire correspondence between Trajan and Pliny. The governor's first letter was written on 17 September 109, and the last datable letter on 28 January 111. • After this message, Pliny wrote several other letters, but if he continued to write at the normal frequency, his last letter was written in March or April. This means that he was in office for eighteen months, which is strange, because the proconsul of a senatorial province typically served twelve months and the governor of an imperial province thirty-six. • Did Pliny die in office? Several scholars believe this, but it is not likely. He was not even fifty, and it appears that he was in excellent shape, because he traveled extensively across his province. Moreover, his last letter deals with Calpurnia's departure for Italy, and it would be rather heartless if she had left her dying man alone.

7. BITHYNIA • However , it is a fact that Pliny governed his province for eighteen months and had extraordinary powers. Moreover, never before had the emperor sent a governor to a senatorial province.

8. Conditional Sentences, p. 131-132 Translate the following: • Si illuddixisti, erravisiti. • If you said that, you were wrong/erring/mistaken. • Si filiusmeusmortuusest, fundumlibertislego. • If my son is dead, I leave the farm to the freedmen. • The group of Latin words in bold is known as a conditional clause, and sentences which contain a conditional clause are known as conditional sentences.

9. Conditional Sentences, p. 131-132 Translate the following & pick out the conditional clauses: • Si Marco credis, insanuses. • If you believe/trust/have faith in Marcus (Marco - dative object of special verb), you are crazy/nuts/off your rocker. • Si Salviustaliafacinoracommisit, puniendus est. • If Salvius has committed such crimes, he must be/ought to be punished. • Si illumservummagnopretioemisti, venaliciustedecepit. • If you bought that slave at a great price, the slave-dealer deceived you/ripped you off

10. Conditional Sentences, p. 131-132 From Stage 33 onwards, you have met sentences in which a conditional clause refers to the future.Translate the following: • Si respexerit, aliquidmirividebit. • If he looks back, he will see something amazing. • Si tudiligenterexcutiēs, mensoresinvenies. • If you investigate carefully, you will find surveyors. • Notice how the verb in the Latin conditional clause is put into either the future perfect tense (as in the 1st example) or the future tense (as in the 2nd example). • English, however, often uses a present tense (looks back, investigates).

11. Conditional Sentences, p. 131-132 Translate the following: • Si pecuniammeamreppereritis, vobispraemiumingensdabo. • If you find my money, I will give you a huge reward. • Si pompamspectabis, delectaberis. • If you watch the procession, you will be delighted. • Si VirginesVestalesignem sacrum neglexerint, dipopulumRomanumpunient. • If the Vestal Virgins neglect the sacrifice, the gods will punish the Roman people. • Si tumihinocueris, ego tibinocebo. • If you hurt me, I will hurt you.

12. Conditional Sentences, p. 131-132 Notice how the word nisi (unless or if…not) is used in conditional clauses: • Nisi tacueritis, e tabernaeiciemini. • Unless you are quiet, you will be thrown out of the inn. Or • If you are not quiet, you will be thrown out of the inn. • Remember that the verb in the Latin conditional clause is put into either the future perfect tense ) or the future tense. • English, however, often uses a present tense (are not quiet).

13. More About cum Clauses, p. 137 • Cum clauses have thus far been translated using the word “with” as the equivalent for “cum”. • However, “when”, “since”, “because”, and “although” can also be used. • You will need to check out all possible meanings for cum to see which makes the best sense in a particular sentence.

14. More About cum Clauses, p. 137 • Examples: Cum transissem in orariasnaviculas, contrariisventisretentus sum. • When I had transferred to coastal vessels, I was held back/retained by contrary/head winds. • Rogo quid sequidebeam, praesertimcum pertineat ad exemplum. • I ask what (course) I ought to follow since it pertains to/involves a precedent. • Si ipsi, cum haberentcondicionissuaescientiam, venerunt, animadvertendum in illoserit. (condicio, condicionis (f) status; animadvertere– take notice of, punish) • If they themselves came, although they might have knowledge/know their own status, they will/would have to be punished.

15. More About cum Clauses, p. 137 • Further Examples: difficileestincendiumcompescere, cum nulluminstrumentumadsit(adsit = pres. subj. of adsum). • It is difficult to suppress a fire when there is no equipment present. • It is difficult to suppress the fire because no equipment is present. • Nullosmensores, cum diligenterexcuterem, inveni. • I found no surveyors although I investigated carefully.

16. More About cum Clauses, p. 137 • Further Examples: architectuspecuniam, cum opus nondumperfecerit, poscit. (poscere = demand, ask) • The architect demands money although he has not yet finished the work. • Iudex, cum criminaaudivisset, sententiampronuntiavit. • The judge, when he had heard the crimes, pronounced his sentence/opinion. • Imperator Salviopraemiummeritumpollicitusest, cum DomitiaParisquepunitiessent. • The emperor promised Salvius a deserved reward because/afterDomitia and Paris had been punished. • Cum diversampartemprovinciaecircumiremus, duo aedificiaNicomediaeperditasunt. • When we were going around a part of the province, two buildings were destroyed in Nicomedia.

17. The Locative Case, p. 137 • In the example, cum diversampartemprovinciaecircumiremus, duo aedificiaNicomediaeperditasunt, the word Nicomediaeis in the locative case. The locative case is used frequently in Stage 41. • Those nouns and place names which omit the preposition for place to which and place from which use a form called the locative to express place in which. • 1st & 2nd declension singular forms of the locative case are identical to the genitive case. • Most 3rd declension nouns & ALL plural nouns have locatives that are identical to their ablative forms. • Ex. • Domimanebas. (2nddec. sing. locative is identical to sing. genitive.) • You were remaining at home. • Athenishabitat. (Athenae, Athenarum – pl. 1stdec.) • He lives in Athens.