Oscar Schofield & Meg Tivey Bill Boicourt, Kendra Daly, Guust Nolet, Eric Terrill,

1. Oscar Schofield & Meg Tivey Bill Boicourt, Kendra Daly, Guust Nolet, Eric Terrill, Rick Thomson, Blanche Meeson, Jim Bellingham Special thanks to NSF and NSERC for support.

2. Today: Talks, Posters and Demo’s Next 3 days: Working groups. Every morning we will go over concerns, suggestions, comments. Evening we will summarize results. The working group results will form the meat of the Workshop report. Students from the University of Puerto Rico are here help with local suggestions, but all angst or problems should be forwarded to Oscar, Meg, or CORE. Additional working groups will be announced each morning and evening.

3. A Motivation Brewer and Moore (2001) Given the new reality of both fixed and mobile assets, what cool science can you do?

4. We have an opportunity, the question is whether we will be able to take advantage of it and ultimately our hope is that this workshop will allow us to seize the day. Goals: To formulate the science opportunities, engineering challenges and educational opportunities might be addressed given two-way and continuous data from the ocean. We want you to: Define your priority science questions and technological requirements necessary to address those questions. Provide a forum, for the first time, for integrating the three components of the Ocean Observing Initiative (OOI), international efforts (such as Neptune Canada) and other initiatives such as the Autonomous Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors (ALPs) into a coherent ocean observing network serving science. After the workshop entrain and inform the wider geoscience, technology, and education communities of the capabilities and timetables of the numerous ocean observing initiatives that are working their way through the agencies,

5. The Workshop product will be to provide input, in the form of a community report, for the newly announced ORION program office. The Workshop web site will continue to evolve to provide a continuing resource to the community. The web site is not complete, and should continue to evolve greatly in the coming months. The Workshop will provide guidance to NSF for the priorities for developmental efforts.

6. Courtesy of John Orcutt & Alex Isern

7. What Has been happening? Workshops: Nearshore Research Workshop (1998) OOPC & CLIVAR International conference on Ocean Observing for Climate (1999) UNOLS: Developing Submergence Science in the New Decade (DESCEND) (1999) National Research Council Symposium on Seafloor Science (2000) Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System Workshop (2002) Office of Naval Research/Marine Technical Society Buoy Workshop (2002) Scientific Cabled Observatories Time-Series Workshop (2002) Coastal Ocean Processes and Observatories: Advancing Coastal Research (2002) Autonomous Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors (ALPS) (2003) Implementation Plan for the DEOS Global Network of Moored-Buoy Observatories (2003) NEPTUNE Pacific Northwest Workshop (2003) Biological and Chemical Instrumentation in the Oceans (2003) Links between OOI and IODP Workshop (2003) Cabled Research Ocean Workshop (CROW) (2003) Technical issues related to cable re-use (2003) Coastal Observatory Research Arrays (CORA): A Framework for Implementation Planning (2003) Time for us to start going to sea and begin to get wet. “The ocean sciences are now on the threshold of another major technological advance as the scientific community begins to establish a global, long term presence in the ocean…” Robert Dietrich NRC report Enabling Ocean research in the 21st Century

8. NSF-Major Research Infrastructure and Facilities Construction Account(MRE-FC) • Agency-wide capital asset account • Funding for major science and engineering infrastructure (10’s-100’s of M$) • Established in FY 1995 • Lifecycle of an MREFC Request • Project proposed • Director’s approval and the MREFC Panel • National Science Board approval • Placed in a NSF budget request to OMB (fall) • Presidents Budget (no later than the first Monday in February) • Appropriation Approval 2006?

9. MREFC (This account essentially requires an act of Congress) • Infrastructure that cannot be funded through normal funding activities • Foundation for new discoveries and major advancements • Provide significant new impact on scientific capability To date there has been a great deal (UNDERSTATEMENT) of science meetings, implementation plans, for the various components to the Ocean Observing Initiative

10. What Will Ocean Observatories Look Like? • Three Components • Regional Scale • Fiber optic cabled • Substantial seafloor power/bandwidth • Coastal Observatories • Fiber optic and moorings relocatable “Pioneer Arrays” • Fiber optics, moorings, shored based radar for long term time series “Endurance Arrays” • Significant bandwidth/power • Global Network - Moorings • Long time series • High bandwidth telemetry/seafloor power Early in the process it was determined that the OOI should focus on fixed platforms; however ORION does not have that limitation.

11. GLOBAL

12. Net CO2 flux (Takahashi et al 1995) • Science issues included CO2 uptake by the ocean, biological productivity, • biomass, ecosystem variables and fluxes, air-sea fluxes, thermohaline changes, • water mass transformation, rapid or episodic changes, mass/heat transports, geophysics Thanks to Uwe Send & Robert Weller

13. Global Arrays • Re-locatable global moorings that can also be deployed in harsh environments such as the Southern Ocean. • Long-term moored-buoys to at specific locations to complete a global array of observatories (Global Ocean Seismic Network) Note: This builds extensively on existing international efforts and global arrays

14. REGIONAL

15. Science Themes • Earth Structure and Dynamics of the Ocean Lithosphere • Fluids and Life in the Oceanic Crust • Coastal Ocean Processes • Turbulent Mixing and Biophysical Interactions • Ecosystem Dynamics • Ocean, Climate and Biogeochemical Cycling Glenn, S.M. and T.D. Dickey, eds., 2003, SCOTS: Scientific Cabled Observatories for Time Series, NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative Workshop Report, Portsmouth, VA., 80 pp., www.geoprose.com/projects/scots_rpt.html.

16. Will provide sustained power and 2-way communication to support instrumentation for time-series measurements and real-time adaptive sampling. Regional Scale Observatories

17. NEPTUNE Canada IS GOING FORWARD 2003: >$60M awarded

18. CROW workshop headed up by Drs. Mike Purdy and Dave Karl began the task of reconciling a system that best entrains all segments of the oceanographic community. High priority sites were chosen by the workshop participants. Draft report is available for comment. BUT There was the recommendation to do the Northwest United States first. (Note this was not a decision to only do the Northwest)

19. COASTAL

20. Courtesy of Paul Bissett and Curt Davis Large-Scale, 1 km resolution SeaWiFS satellite image of New York Bight Zoomed satellite image optical backscattering coefficient – related to water clarity, suspended particle load 31 July, 2001 High optical variability in coastal waters cannot be resolved with coarse, 1 km-resolution satellite imagery Fine-Scale, 10 m resolution PHILLS aircraft image of sub-region Zoomed aircraft image

21. COASTAL OOI • Long-term moored-buoys or electro-optic cross-shelf arrays for long term time series. “Endurance arrays” • Re-locatable spatial networks of moorings-radars to support focused on process studies. “Pioneer arrays” Note: CORA report draft available. Monday during afternoon break Jack Barth and Rick Jahnke will update the community here at ORION

22. NSF Mid-Size Initiatives (MSI) 10-50 million dollars From Scott Glenn and Gary Kirkpatrick From Mark Moline Chaired by Daniel Rudnick and Mary Jane Perry

23. Thanks to Charlie Ericksen Successes of SPRAY, Sea Glider, and Sloccum Gliders now offer the potential long term deployments. This complements the already huge successes of international efforts such as ARGOs -Long term spatial time series is now possible!

24. Recovering retired Telecommunication and/or Military cables -Capable of providing sufficient power for most off-the-shelf technologies -System analysis studies underway to resolve engineering issues. -Potential for getting cables to extreme locations. -The good is industry is willing to hand the community 100’s of millions of infrastructure. The fear is we will have to convert and “own” that infrastructure sooner rather than later Thanks to Rhett Butler and Fred Duennebier

25. Sensors and Available Technology to the rescue…… We need to develop the sensors that we have been lacking. We have some of the best ocean engineers in the world here, so what is our development list?

26. All these initiatives provide a researcher an unprecedented range of infrastructure. The infrastructure complements each other, and more then likely we will need all of it. So for this meeting Success of one project is NOT at the expense of the other, it more then likely to require, or will benefit from, the second project for success. If we go down the observatory road we (and NSF) will need to demonstrate success and this is best accomplished with integrated observing networks. This need will be attainable if justified by our science. What do we need to do? -Compelling exciting science!!!! (Why you are here) -Use all assets to do the science (Moorings, Cables, AUVs, Aircraft, Rovers…..) -Design real-experiments as if starting the proposal process If we provide the exciting vision that is new and exciting the net result will provide NSF, and other agencies (NOAA, ONR, NASA), the ammunition to grow the ocean sciences budgets. The Ball is in our court.

27. “I walk into our control room, with its panoply of views of the sea. There are the updated global pictures from the remote sensors on satellites, there the evolving maps of subsurface variables, there the charts that show the position and status of all our Slocum scientific platforms, and I am satisfied that we are looking at the ocean more intensely and more deeply than anyone anywhere else.” - Henry Stommel, The SLOCUM Mission 1989 This is an awesome time to be oceanographer.