8987 Global perspectives

1. 8987 Global perspectives Theme: Culture & Ethics Unit: Culture & Gender Studies

2. Definition of Beauty • What qualities does a culture or society consider beautiful? • What determines that?

3. The Age-Old Beauty Industry • Although answers vary, certainly the perception of beauty is as old as humanity itself since attractiveness is an imperative for mating and reproduction • The use of beauty aides (makeup), for example, has been around for millennia • But it is now an established and global industry whose sales currently total over 330 billion dollars

4. The Role of Industrialization & Globalization • From a global perspective, beauty is also tied to industrialization, globalization, and a biased image of Western beauty (i.e. white) as ideal • In fact, beauty aides were mostly available only to the economic elite, until 19th century industrialization allowed affordable products to be made in factories that then created brands • Exs: Ponds, L’Oreal • These brands became global during the simultaneous imperialism of the U.S. and Europe of most of the rest of the world

5. Homogenized Image of Beauty • This created an increasingly homogenized view of what it meant to be beautiful • Paris became known as the capital of fashion, reflecting its reputation for luxury • With this came a white image of beauty that infiltrated through a large part of the world

6. Consequences of a New Homogenized Image • In the U.S. products catered exclusively to white skin tones and hair textures, so entrepeneuring African American women created their own brands and products which forged the hair-straightening industry • In Japan, the modernizing Meiji government (though it wanted to avoid Western Imperialism) banned traditional practices such as tooth blackening, eyebrow shaving, and male use of cosmetics • With the advent of film and Hollywood in the early 20th century this trend only solidified

7. Influence of Local Culture & Traditions • Local cultural and societal traditions did not disappear and companies did adjust to the market • For ex: In the 1930s Lancome launched five fragrances that were meant to appeal to women from different ethnicities • Colgate-Palmolive changed their marketing strategies by hiring local celebrities rather than Hollywood actresses • Even within Europe differences were seen • One study in the 1960s found that women in France and Italy wore much less make up than Germany or England

8. Globalization Paradox • After the decolonization of the world in the late 20th century, a resurgence in local ideals began • However, this also coincided with the opening of markets that had closed during Communist Russia (as well as China), which meant a renewal in the decimation of a western, Hollywood-based ideal of beauty • Thus, the aftermath of this globalized view of beauty can still be felt.

9. Global Beauty Trends Intro • Clearly, beauty is a human obsession, one that spans cultures and centuries. • From Iran, where the perfect nose is considered the ideal form, to parts of West Africa, where fat is fabulous, one country's beauty can be another's ugly, or at least bizarre. • Americans may obsess over the skinny, plastic ideal, but we aren't always the norm but look out for the effects of 19th century globalization and homogenization.

10. Iran • Both Iranian men and women embrace rhinoplasty as a display of status and beauty. • Iran is now known as the nose-job capital of the world. • More than 30,000 Tehranians received rhinoplasties in 2006 alone.

11. Southeast Asia • Pale is the ideal and is associated with wealth, beauty, and social class. • Over the past decade the white skin often seen in American beauty magazines has been aggressively marketed. • In Thailand, for example, it's hard to find skin cosmetics that don't contain a whitening agent. • One market research survey estimates that 4 in every 10 women in Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan use a whitening cream.

12. America’s Ever-Younger Beauty Aficionados • American young girls are bombarded with a Hollywood image that embraces a combination of Botox, implants, diet and hair extensions- • 43% of American 6 to 9 year olds are already using lipstick/lip gloss • 38% use hairstyling products • 12% use other products

13. Western Africa • In parts of western Africa still beholden to traditional beauty ideals, women are considered most attractive when they're overweight and sporting stretch marks. • In Mauritania, many parents send their daughters, who are often married at a young age, to camps where they are fed up to 16,000 calories a day.

14. Africa & Amazon – Lip Plates • The tradition can be traced to ancient cultures in Iran, Sudan, and MesoAmerica. • Today, the custom is maintained by a few groups in Africa and Amazonia. • Significance of the size of the lip plates vary from social class to amount of cattle given to bride

15. Ethiopa • In Ethiopia, the women of the Karo tribe wear scars on their stomachs meant to attract a husband. • The scarring process starts in childhood and once finished it means that the woman can get married and have children.

16. Brazil • Although revered as a land where women have a beautiful curvaceous figure, a new trend towards slim body has been made manifest. • Historian Mary del Priore told The New York Times, "By 'upgrading' to international standards of beauty," Brazilians are giving up on the belief that "plumpness is a sign of beauty." LOST TO ANOREXIA Ana Carolina Reston as she was 18 months before her death in November. Five anorexia deaths in Brazil have followed hers.

17. Korea • Many Korean women believe the surgery, which makes their eyes wider and rounder, also makes them more beautiful. • Plastic surgery in general has skyrocketed in Asia recently. • In Korea in particular, researchers estimate that 1 in 10 adults has been nipped and tucked, and even children are getting their eyelids done. • The surgery, essentially an eye lift, creates a fold in the eyelid and gives the look of bigger, more Western eyes.

18. Europe • In parts of Europe, including France, it's the natural look that's considered most • "It really astonishes me the way American women wear so much makeup," Laura Mercier, the French creator of the cosmetics line told The New York Times. By contrast, Mercier continued, "French women are not flashy."

19. The Maori of New Zealand • Men and women adorn themselves with swirling face tattoos called moko--a sacred beauty ritual that spans centuries. • Originally worn by Polynesian descendents as a sign of status • Maori men and women now wear moko as an honorary throwback to their cultural history. • One of the more distinctive forms of moko is the pattern women wear on their lips and chins.

20. China • In parts of China, men and women are turning to a painful leg-lengthening procedure that stretches their bones to make them taller. • Here, height is a sign of status so for some it has become prerequisite for success. • Surgeons insert metal bars into their legsthat break their bones and stretch their legs apart.

21. The Kayan Women of Burma • Sometimes referred to as “long necks” these women represent an ethnic minority that maintains a centuries-old tradition • They wrap brass coils around their necks when young and add more as they age • The women's shoulders are weighed down by the weight of the rings giving the illusion that their necks are • In the wake of conflict in Burma, (now Myanmar) many Kayans were forced to flee to neighboring Thailand, • They have now become a tourist attraction

22. Bibliography • Geoffrey Jones. “Globalization and Beauty: A Historical and Firm Perspective.” EurAmerica. 41.4 (2011): 885-916. http://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/132393925714.pdf : 3 Jul 2012. • Tara Lewis. "The Lengths We Go For Beauty.“ Newsweekhttp://elizabethadcock.theworldrace.org/?filename=beauty-ideals-around-the-world: 3 Jul 2012.