WINDSOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

1. WINDSOR UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF MEDICINE Dr.Vishal Surender.MD. Medical Physiology-II

2. Organization of Nervous System

3. Nervous System… • The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli • The basic function of nervous system are: • Receive sensory input internal or external • Integrate the input • Responding to internal and external stimuli

4. Components • of the Nervous System • Nervous System = Central Nervous System (CNS) + • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord • Plus all of cranial nerve II and the retina • PNS = Neurons (and/or processes) and associated • non-neural cells outside the CNS • Somatic or autonomic motor neurons may have cell bodies in the CNS • but with axons extending through the PNS • Sensory cells may have receptive endings, axons and cell bodies in • the PNS but restricted parts of their axons extending into the CNS • Many autonomic neurons dwell entirely in the periphery

5. Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System

6. Central Nervous System • Five Parts of the Brain • Telecephalon • Lateral ventricles • Diencephalon • Third ventricle • Mesencephalon • Cerebral aqueduct • Metencephalon • Rostral fourth ventricle • Myelencephalon • Caudal fourth ventricle and medullary • central canal (continuous with the • spinal central canal)

7. Central nervous system (CNS) Five parts of the brain Midbrain = Mesencephalon Pons + cerebellum = Metencephalon Medulla oblongata = Myelencephalon

8. Cerebral Lobes: Lateral Aspect (somatosensory) (motor) (visual) (auditory) • General Functional Considerations • Frontal (motor) • Parietal (somatosensory) • Temporal (auditory) • Occipital (visual)

9. Cerebral Lobes: Medial Aspect

10. Deep Cerebral Nuclei(Basal Ganglia)

11. Spinal Cord • Enlargements: Reflect larger numbers of cells subserving sensory or motor function related to the limbs. Motor neurons tend to dwell in the gray matter of the ventral horn, whereas sensory neurons tend to aggregate dorsally. Dorsal Column Lateral Column Ventral Column

12. Spinal Nerves • Dorsal and ventral nerve roots exit • the cord, joining in the vertebral canal. • Because there are 8 cervical spinal • segments but only 7 cervical • vertebrae, the 1st spinal nerve • emerges rostral to the 1st cervical • vertebra, whereas the 8th cervical • nerve emerges caudal to the • 7th cervical vertebra and hence • rostral to the first thoracic vertebra.

13. Peripheral Nerve - Structure Endoneurium Peripheral Nerve Epineurium Perineurium Fascicles Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier Fat Axon Myelinated fibers Blood vessels Unmyelinated fibers Cell body of Schwann cell Endoneurium

14. Important Sensory Pathways • Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus System - sensory • Anterolateral System (spinothalamic tract) - sensory Dorsal Column: Proprioception, Vibration, Tactile discrimination Anterolateral System: Pain, Temperature, Pressure

15. Important Motor Pathways • CorticospinalTract - (lateral and anterior) motor • Corticobulbar Tract - motor • Vestibulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract - motor • Reticulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract - motor • Rubrospinal Tract - motor

16. Your 43-yr-old female patient suffers a traumatic accident in which the dorsal columns of the spinal cord are damaged. What function is lost? • Motor • Tactile discrimination • Nociception

17. Brodmann’s Areas - Left Hemisphere.

20. Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Properties • Is clear& colorless. • Is sterile only upto 5 lymphocytes/µL and no red blood cells (RBCs) • Intracranial pressure (ICP) is 65 -200 mm H2O (5 – 15 mm Hg) Functions of CSF • Reduces traction exerted upon the nerves and blood vessels connected with the CNS. • Provides a cushioning effect. • Removal of metabolites. • Providing a stable ionic environment.

21. Circulation of the CSF 1 8 7 4 2 3 5 6 Essential Neuroscience, Updated 1st Edition Allan Siegel, Ph.D; Hreday N. Sapru PhD

22. Clinical Correlations Hydrocephalus • Dilation of the ventricles (or hydrocephalus) occurs when the circulation of CSF is blocked or its absorption is impeded, while the CSF formation continues to occur at a constant rate. 2 types • Non communicating (obstructive) Hydrocephalus • Communicating Hydrocephalus

23. Clinical Correlations • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA). This is an acute loss of cerebral • or monocular function with symptoms lasting under 24 hours. • The origin is presumed to be a disorder of the cerebral circulation t • hat leaves parts of the brain with an inadequate blood supply. • Recovery of functions is likely. Predicted by stenosis if internal carotid • artery and intermittent atrial fibrillation. Predicts stroke within a year. • Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit. This is an acute loss of • cerebral or monocular function with symptoms lasting longer than • 24 hours due to inadequate blood supply of parts of the brain. • Recovery of functions is likely. • Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident). This is a rapidly developing loss • of cerebral function due to cerebrovascular disturbance. The occurring • symptoms are irreversible or only partial reversible. In some patients • the symptoms are global. The severity of loss ranges from partial • recovery through permanent disability to coma and death.