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1. Mujahedeen roots and 1980s relationship with the U.S The Mujahedeen were warriors to defend fellow Muslims or, freedom fighters in Afghanistan Were volunteers from around the Middle East Mujahedeen stems from the word “mullah” for knowledge giver After the civil war, the 7 main mujahedeen groups united to form the Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahedeen During the Carter and Reagan administrations, the Mujahedeen were armed and financed by the U.S. C.I.A During the Cold War they were given billions of U.S. dollars to fight the communist soviets The Mujahedeen formed during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s February 1989, Soviets withdrew causing a civil war between Afghan Mujahedeen warlords fighting for power. In the 1970s the mujahedeen fought against the Soviets to protect their homelands In the 1980s through the 1990s, the mujahedeen fought among themselves
2. New York City 1998 Khaled Sheik Mohammed financed the operation RamziAhmed Yousef was the mastermind of the attack and claimed to have set the fuse that exploded the 1,200-pound bomb Ahmad Ajaj and NidalAyyad both constructed the bomb Mahmud Abouhalima, helped buy and mix the explosives EyadIsmoil drove the van into the parking garage below the World Trade Center Mohammed Salameh, Ahmad Ajaj, NidalAyyad, Ramzi Yousef, EyadIsmoil and Mahmoud Abouhalima were each sentenced to life in prison The terrorists detonated a truck bomb below the north tower of the World Trade Center They intended for the North tower to knock into the South tower but that did not happen 6 were killed and thousands were injured On February 26, 1998 the attack happened Yousef mailed letters before the attack to many newspapers and claimed that he belonged to 'Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion' Three demands: end aid to Israel, end US diplomatic relations with Israel, that the United States would end interference in Middle Eastern affairs
3. New York city 2001 Mohamed Atta , Abdulaziz al-Omari, Wail al-Shehri, Waleed al-Shehri,andSatam al- Suqami hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 Marwan al-Shehhi, Fayez Banihammad, Mohand al-Shehri, Hamza al-Ghamdi, and Ahmed al-Ghamdi hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into floors 93-99 of the North Tower of the World Trade Center killing all 87 on board United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into floors 75-85 of the South Tower of the World Trade Center killing all 60 on board At 7:59 Flight 11 took off, at 8:46 it crashed into the North Tower At 8:14 Flight 175 took off, at 9:03 it crashed into the South Tower At 9:59 the South Tower collapsed killing 600 people At 10:28 the North Tower collapsed killing 1,400 people At 5:20 the World Trade Center building 7 collapsed due to uncontrollable fires After the attacks, Osama bin Laden's released in 2002 "Letter to America" and in 2004, a video tape explaining the reasons for the terrorist attack which included US support of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan, the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, U.S. support of Israel, and the sanctions against Iraq
4. Africa1998 The operation was led by Osama bin Laden and Aymanal-Zawahiri The US embassies in the East African cities of Dar es Salaam and Nairobi were bombed by simultaneous truck bomb explosions The Incident resulted in the FBI placing Osama bin Laden on the 10 most wanted fugitive list President Bill Clinton then ordered operation Infinite Reach, August 20, 1998, Operation Infinite Reach ordered cruise missile strikes in Sudan and Afghanistan against terrorist targets Occurred August 7, 1998 The attack marked the eighth anniversary the US forces arrival in Saudi Arabia Bin Ladin claimed that the attack was revenge for American involvement in the extradition and torture of 4 members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad
5. Gulf of aden2000 The terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack The USS Cole was harbored and being refueled in the Yemeni port of Aden when a small craft armed with explosives exploded and damaged the hull of the ship 17 U.S. sailors were killed and 39 others were injured. Occurred October 12, 2000 The USS Cole was headed towards the Persian Gulf to help enforce an oil embargo against Iraq
6. Washington d.c.2001 Hani Hanjour, Khalid al-Mihdhar, MajedMoqed, Nawaf al-Hazmi, and Salem al-Hazmi hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 ZiadJarrah, Ahmed al-Haznawi, Ahmed al-Nami, and Saeed al-Ghamdi hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Western facade of the Pentagon killing all 59 on board, 125 military and civilian personnel, and injuring 106 United Airlines Flight 93 headed either towards the White House or Capital with 40 on board, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the crew and passengers attempted to overtake the terrorists At 8:20 Flight 77 takes off, at 9:37 it crashed into the Pentagon At 8:42 Flight 93 takes off, at 10:03 it crashed near Shanksville Pennsylvania At 10:15 the E-Ring of the Pentagon fell Flight 77 crashed in Arlington, Virginia Flight 93 crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania
7. Libya 2013 Between 125 and 150 gunmen are reported to have participated in the assault on the US Ambassador in Benghazi, Libya September 11th, 2012 The trucks that the terrorists drove had the logo of Ansar al-Sharia, a group of Islamic militants that had the support of the local government al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri released a video which called for attacks on Americans in Libya At 9:40 pm armed men shouting "Allāhu Akbar" lobbed grenades over the wall of the compound At 10:00 pm Libyan government reinforcements arrive and guard front and rear gates as militants begin to crowd at rear gate. After midnight, the ambassador John Christopher Stevens , unidentified, is rescued from burned consulate and at 1 am is admitted to Benghazi Medical Center and 45 minutes later is pronounced dead At 2 am the Annex is attacked and the fighting continues for an hour, Former Navy SEALs Glen Doherty and Tyrone Woods are killed After the attack President Obama increased security measures in Libya al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri attacked in order to avenge the death of Abu Yahya al-Libi in a drone strike in Pakistan
8. Heroism of first responders and flight 93 crew and passengers The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site and their efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders so that most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings but many didn’t evacuate due to technical difficulties with the radio repeater systems 9/11 was the deadliest day for firefighters, over 300 died The passengers and crew on Flight 93 took a vote amongst themselves about whether to act and the revolt began at 9:57 When the revolt began, the hijackers started to maneuver the plane around violently, causing the plane to go off of its Washington, D.C. course At 10:03 Flight 93 crashed near Shanksville Pennsylvania on September 11th, 2001 Due to the heroism of the passengers and crew of flight 93, the plane did not reach its destination and most likely saved the lives of thousands of others.
9. Pat Tillman symbol for u.s. patriotism Pat Tillman was an ex NFL star that turned down a $3.6 million dollar contract to join the army after 9/11 At 27, Tilllmanwas a member of the 2nd battalion, of the 75th ranger regiment His involvement in the War created a boost in enlistment He was involved in Operation Mountainside and was based in South Eastern Afghanistan Lt. Colonel Matthew Beevers stated that he was killed in a firefight near Sperah It was claimed that the fight last 30 minutes and that Tillman was killed by enemy fire He was deployed March 2003 and was killed April 4, 2006 His enlistment promoted the ideal of American patriotism and duty After his death the government released that he was killed by enemy fire to prevent opposition to the war but, it was later revealed that in actuality, he was killed by friendly fire
10. U.S.A. Patriot Act: 2001 Act of Congress signed into law by President George Bush on October 26, 2001. Designed to enhance federal anti-terrorism investigations. Due to broad concern felt among Americans from both the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, Congress rushed to pass legislation to strengthen security controls. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.
11. Provisions of the u.s.a. patriot act Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved Intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous
12. u.s.a. patriot act controversy Information Sharing- Sec. 203(b) and (d): Allows information from criminal probes to be shared with intelligence agencies and other parts of the government. Roving Wiretaps- Sec. 206: Allows one wiretap authorization to cover multiple devices, eliminating the need for separate court authorizations for a suspect's cell phone, for example. Access to Records- Sec. 215: Allows easier access to business records in foreign intelligence investigations. Foreign Intelligence Wiretaps and Searches- Sec. 218: Lowers the bar for launching foreign intelligence wiretaps and searches. “Sneak & Peek” Warrants- Sec. 213: Allows "Sneak and peek" search warrants, which let authorities search a home or business without immediately notifying the target of a probe. Material Support- Sec. 805: Expands the existing ban on giving "material support" to terrorists to include "expert advice or assistance."
13. War in afghanistan (2001-present) Refers to the intervention by NATO and allied forces in the ongoing Afghan civil war. The war began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001 as an attempt to break up al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power. U.S. President George Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama Bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda, so the Taliban requested that Bin Laden leave the country but refused to do further action without evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. and allies drove the Taliban from power, building military bases near major cities across the country. Casualties: 16,725–19,013 Afghan civilians; 3,724 U.S. forces. The U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq will cost $4-6 trillion. In June 2011, President Obama announced his plan to begin the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan. Obama did not say that our mission in Afghanistan will end by 2014, only that it will cease to be a "combat" mission and become a "support" mission.
14. Key dates: war in afghanistan September 11, 2001: 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City. October 7, 2001: The U.S. launched Operation Enduring Freedom with the United Kingdom. U.S. and British forces begin bombing in Afghanistan. December 7, 2001: The Taliban forces abandon their last stronghold in Kandahar. March 2002: Operation Anaconda- Afghan and American troops engage in a large-scale battle. May 1, 2003: The U.S. declares that major combat missions are over in Afghanistan. January 4, 2004: A new Constitution for Afghanistan is approved. October 29, 2004: Bin Laden threatens West in televised message. May 23, 2005: Karzai and Bush announce military agreement. December 1, 2009: Obama orders troop surge. May 2, 2011: Osama Bin Laden killed by a special forces military unit. June 22, 2011: Obama orders troop reductions.
15. Taliban in afghanistan and relationship with al-qaeda The Taliban is an Islamist fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan. The Taliban spread through Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996-December 2001. While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of Sharia law. The alliance of Taliban spiritual leader Mullah Omar and Osama Bin Laden strengthened relations between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, with Arab Afghan fighters sent by Bin Laden assisting Taliban massacres. The Taliban have been accused of using terrorism as a specific tactic to further their ideological and political goals.
16. mullah omar Omar is an Afghan Taliban spiritual leader. He was born to poor Pashtu parents and had little education. Omar fought the Russians in the 80’s but after losing one eye he went to Kandahar, where he taught Islam and learned Arabic. Omar formed the Taliban with just 50 fighters and imposed strict Islamic rule in Kabul. Omar formed an alliance with Osama Bin Laden and helped protect him as he plotted the 9/11 attacks. He has been in hiding since 2001 and is wanted by the U.S. for $10 milllion. Omar continues to send out messages through the Taliban.
17. Osama bin laden Founder of al- Qaeda, a Sunni militant Islamist organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks against the United States, and many other mass killings against civilian and military targets. Was motivated by a belief that U.S. foreign policy has harmed Muslims in the Middle East and the restoration of Sharia law was necessary for the Muslim world. Bin Laden wished to cause the economic collapse of enemy nations such as the United States and the Soviet Union by luring them into a long war of attrition. Abbottabad, Pakistan was where Bin Laden was hiding when he was killed on May 2, 2011. After the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the U.S. searched for Bin Laden for about 10 years. By tracking his courier Abu Ahmed al- Kuwaiti, U.S. officials were able to find Bin Laden and he was killed by a special forces military unit. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear was ordered by U.S. president Barack Obama and carried out in a U.S. CIA operation by a team of U.S. Navy SEALs.