1 / 12

Carbohydrates

Unit –I Carbohydrates Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides By:- Mr. K. S. Bhavsar Asst. Professor Dept. of Chemistry Arts, Science and Commerce College Chopda. Dist. Jalgaon . (M.S.).

ariana-jordan
Download Presentation

Carbohydrates

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit –ICarbohydratesClassification of CarbohydratesMonosaccharides By:-Mr. K. S. BhavsarAsst. ProfessorDept. of ChemistryArts, Science and Commerce College Chopda.Dist. Jalgaon . (M.S.)

  2. IntroductionOur daily diet consist of various food type, the food types used by the body can be divided into two broad categories: macronutrients, those substances that we need to eat regularly in fairly large quantities, and micronutrients, those substances that we need only in small amounts.Three major classes of macronutrients are essential to living organisms 1.carbohydrates2.fats,3. proteins.In this lesson, we will discuss the Carbohydrates;

  3. Carbohydrates • Chemically, carbohydrates are organic molecules in which carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bond together in the ratio: • C x(H2 O)y, • where x and y are whole numbers that differ depending on the specific carbohydrate to which we are referring. C6H12O6 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Figure_03_02_05.jpg By CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

  4. Carbohydrates Simple SugarAll carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharides units). Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit (monosaccharide's) or two sugar units (disaccharides) are referred to as simple sugars. Simple sugars are sweet in taste and are broken down quickly in the body to release energy. Two of the most common monosaccharide's are glucose and fructose. Glucose is the primary form of sugar stored in the human body for energy. Fructose is the main sugar found in most fruits.

  5. Carbohydrates All carbohydrates can be classified as either monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and are often called single sugars. They are the building blocks from which all bigger carbohydrates are made.Monosaccharides have the general molecular formula (CH2O)n, where n can be 3, 5 , 6. They can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms in a molecule:n = 3trioses, e.g. glyceraldehydesn = 5pentoses, e.g. ribose and deoxyribose ('pent' indicates 5)n = 6hexoses, e.g. fructose, glucose and galactose ('hex' indicates 6)

  6. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide's https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Figure_03_02_05.jpg By CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

  7. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide - Glucose Pentose and hexose can exist in two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic. In the non-cyclic form their structural formulae show they contain either an aldehyde group or a ketone group. The most common hexose, D-glucose also known as dextrose and blood sugar, is found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides(sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysaccharides ( glycogen, cellulose, starch). In the body, excess glucose is converted to glycogen and then stored in the muscle and liver . C6H12O6

  8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – Fructose C6H12O6 • Fructose is a ketohexose with the molecular formula of C6H12O6 ; which is same as the molecular formula of Glucose but different structure. • The structure of fructose differs from glucose at carbon 1 and 2 by the location of the carbonyl group. • Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar. fructose is also found in fruits, root vegetables(such as sweet potato and onion) and honey. • Fructose can be converted to its isomer glucose, after it enters the blood stream. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/D-Glucose_vs._D-Fructose_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg By Jü (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

  9. Carbohydrates Isomers of GlucoseM.F. – C6H12O6Same molecular formulaDifferent structural formula are called structural isomers There is more than one molecule with the molecular formula C5H10O5 and C6H12O6. https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/carbohydrates

  10. Carbohydrates Reducing and Non Reducing sugars C6H12O6 • Monosaccharides containing the aldehyde group are classified as aldoses, and those with a ketone group are classified as ketoses. • The structure of fructose differs from glucose at carbon 1 and 2 by the location of the carbonyl group • Aldoses are reducing sugars; • ketoses are non-reducing sugars. • This is important in understanding the reaction of sugars with Benedict's reagent

  11. Pentose and hexose can exist in two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic. In the non-cyclic form their structural formulae show they contain either an aldehyde group or a ketone group. The aldehyde and ketone moieties of the carbohydrates with five and six carbons will spontaneously react with alcohol groups present in neighboring carbons to produce intramolecular hemiacetals or hemiketals, respectively. This results in the formation of five- or six- membered rings

More Related