Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

1. Transport and Defense • lymphocyte • immunity • organ system • homeostasis • nutrient • Calorie Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

2. Digestion (cont.) The liver makes bile and the pancreas makes enzymes, both of which break down food in the small intestine. Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source Lesson 1-2

3. Digestion (cont.) • The large intestine receives solid waste from the small intestine. • The large intestine absorbs excess water from the waste material. • The rectum of the large intestine stores the solid waste until the waste is expelled from the body. Lesson 1-2

4. Digestion (cont.) Some foods, like insoluble fiber, that are not digested leave the body through the rectum. Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source Lesson 1-2

5. Excretion(cont.) • When the liver breaks down proteins, urea forms. Urea is toxic if it stays in the body. • The kidneys remove urea from the body by making urine. Lesson 1-2

6. Excretion(cont.) • Urine leaves each kidney through the ureter and is stored in a flexible sac, called the bladder. • Urine is removed from the body through the urethra. Lesson 1-2

7. Respiration (cont.) Gas Exchange Lesson 1-3

8. Circulation • Oxygen in the alveoli enters the capillaries. • The blood inside capillaries transports oxygen to the rest of the body. Lesson 1-3

9. Image Source/Jupiterimages Lesson 1-3

10. Circulation(cont.) • Blood vessels transport blood to all organs of the body. • Contractions of the heart’s muscles pump blood to the rest of the body. • Blood travels through the body in tiny tubes called vessels. Lesson 1-3

11. Circulation(cont.) • Arteries carry blood away from your heart. • Veins carry blood back to your heart. Lesson 1-3

12. Circulation(cont.) Capillaries are tiny vessels that allow gases and nutrients to move between the blood and the entire body. Lesson 1-3

13. Immunity(cont.) • Humans make billions of different types of antibodies. • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, and are usually contagious. • A noninfectious disease is caused by the environment or a genetic disorder. Lesson 1-3

14. Structure, Movement, and Control • compact bone • spongy bone • neuron • reflex • hormone Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

15. Structure and Movement • The skeletal system protects internal organs, provides support, helps the body move, and stores minerals, such as calcium. • An adult’s skeleton has 206 bones. • The skeleton also contains ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Lesson 2-1

16. Structure and Movement(cont.) • Compact bone is the hard outer layer of bone. • Spongy bone is the interior region of bone that contains many tiny holes. CMCD/Getty Images Lesson 2-1

17. Structure and Movement(cont.) • The muscular system is made of three different types of muscle tissue. • Skeletal muscle works with the skeletal system and helps you move. Lesson 2-1

18. Structure and Movement(cont.) • Cardiac muscle is only in the heart. • It continually contracts and relaxes and moves blood throughout your body. Lesson 2-1

19. Structure and Movement(cont.) • Smooth muscle tissue is in organs such as the stomach and the bladder. • Blood vessels also have smooth muscle tissue. Lesson 2-1

20. Control and Coordination • The brain and the spinal cord form the central nervous system. • All other nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system that extends throughout the entire body. Doug Pensinger/Getty Images Lesson 2-2

21. Control and Coordination(cont.) The nervous system is a group of organs and specialized cells that detect, process, and respond to information. Lesson 2-2

22. Control and Coordination(cont.) • Information enters the nervous system through neurons in the peripheral nervous system. • Most of the information then is sent to the central nervous system for processing. • After the central nervous system processes information, it signals the peripheral nervous system to respond. Lesson 2-2

23. Endocrine System The endocrine system, like the nervous system, sends signals to the body. Mark Andersen/Getty Images Lesson 2-2

24. Endocrine System (cont.) • Chemical signals released by the organs of the endocrine system are called hormones. • Hormones travel in blood through blood vessels and cause organ systems to carry out specific functions. • Some hormones work with other organ systems to maintain homeostasis and other hormones work with many organ systems to help you grow. Lesson 2-2