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THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY

THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY. Fishery Research Institute TALCAHUANO CHILE darcos@inpesca.cl www.inpesca.cl. THE CHRISTIAN PARABLE “FEEDING THE MULTITUDE”. Mark 6: 32 – 4 Matthew 14: 13 – 21 Luke 9: 10 – 17 John 6: 1 - 16.

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THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY

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  1. THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY Fishery Research Institute TALCAHUANO CHILE darcos@inpesca.cl www.inpesca.cl

  2. THE CHRISTIAN PARABLE “FEEDING THE MULTITUDE” Mark 6: 32 – 4 Matthew 14: 13 – 21 Luke 9: 10 – 17 John 6: 1 - 16 PARABLE OF LOAVES AND FISHES TINTORETTO 1578 (Jacopo Robusti 1518-1594)

  3. CONFLICT “SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY VS CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES” GOVERNMENT TRUST INDUSTRY SCIENTIST A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR DECISIONMAKERS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IS SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY.

  4. The ocean, fishes and human society The ocean provides numerous ecosystem goods and services to mankind: -energy, transportation, recreation, biological and mineral resources WHY DO WE CATCH FISH ? BECAUSE WE NEED TO FEED PEOPLE Chilean Hake (Merluccius gayi)

  5. 1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERIES 2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS 3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES 4.- BIOLOGICAL UNCERTAINTY IN FISHERIES SCIENCES AND FISH INDUSTRY IMPLICATIONS : SOCIAL ECONOMICAL POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

  6. Jack Mackerel 1975 - 2000 Peak maximun estability growth declination Initial point FISHERY DEVELOPMENT HISTORY I.I.P.

  7. 1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERIES Duality of Fishery In most Country

  8. STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY STRENGTH: 1.- THERE IS HIGH DEMAND FOR FISH PRODUCTS, WHICH ARE RICH IN PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS. 2.- TECHNOLOGY HAS DEVELOPED THAT CAN SELECT TARGET SPECIES AND LOCATE INDIVIDUAL FISH. FACTORY VESSELS ARE CAPABLE OF PROCESSING OVER 100 TONNES OF FISH PER DAY. 3.- SOME STOCKS AROUND THE WORLD ARE STILL HEALTHY, AND THERE IS GROWING POLITICAL AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE VALUE OF THIS RESOURCE. 4.- AQUACULTURE PROVIDES ECONOMICS ACTIVITY IN RELATIVELY UNDEVELOPED AREAS.

  9. STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY WEAKNESSES: 1.- CURRENT LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM, INDICATED BY DRAMATIC DEPLETION OF FISH STOCK SINCE THE 80´S. 2.- POLITICAL FAILURE TO CONTROL THE DEPLETION OF STOCK HAS LED TO A WEAK ECONOMY, WHICH REDUCE THE INDUSTRY´S ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS. 3.- AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES BUT ITS BRING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS. 4.- AQUACULTURE IS AN IMMATURE, ECONOMICALLY UNSTABLE ACTIVITY WITH LOW PROFITS AND RELATIVELY LITTLE MONEY TO MITIGATE ANY ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE.

  10. 2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS FISH ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS FLEET PLANTS FISH PRODUCTION FACTORS: K, L, I, STOCK PRODUCTS

  11. Fish law National Development Problems knowledge Research logistics Regulation Research Planning Assessment Models Research Logistics Fish Data base MANAGEMENT FUNCTION National fish policy Management Plan by fisheries PLANING fish control: Monitoring Stock Assessment Decision rule Fiscalization FISHERY Biological Reference Point Stock Assessment

  12. Biological Fish Annual Quota Stock Size Estimation Fishery Explotation Strategy STOCK SIZE Optimun Estrategy Estimation Fishery Biology Indicator Estimation of Biology indicator T.A.Q Determination BASIC DATA FISHERY Catching Quota fishing Catches observing Boat log compiling STOCK FLEET

  13. WHAT ARE THE COMMON QUESTION DONE BY THE HEAD OF THE FISH INDUSTRY? 1.- What are the status of the fishery? At least twice a year National management systems 2.- How much can we caught this year? At least once a year 3.- Where can I find the fish? Monthly, weekly Industry, Research Institute 4.- How can I detect the fish? Daily

  14. CAUSE OF FISH ABUNDANCE CHANGES 1.- INTRA SPECIFIC DYNAMICS: SPAWNING vs RECRUITMENT GROWTH DENSITY CANNIBALISMS 2.- SPECIES COMPETITION. 3.- PREDATION. 4.- FISHING EXPLOTATION. 5.- ENVIRONMENTAL FLUCTUATIONS.

  15. Space Large scale forcing Inter-decadal regime Ocean ENSO strength and duration Stock conditionbefore ENSO Basin Fishery pressure Small scale forcing Regional Adapted reproduction Local Upwelling Local Time Day Month Season Year Decade Inter-annual 3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES

  16. Chilean annual landings 8000 7000 6000 Total ton) 5000 3 4000 sardine Landings (10 anchovy 3000 2000 1000 1958 jack 1963 1968 0 1973 mackerel 1978 1983 1988 common sardine 1993 1998 2003 mackerel Large ecosystems

  17. CHILEAN FISHERIES STATISTICS 97- 98 Jack Mackerel 4500 Anchovy Sardine 4000 Hake 3500 3000 82- 83 2500 3 2000 Landings (10 ton) 1500 1000 500 0 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 YEAR ? 72 - 73

  18. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY ? 1.- SIZE OF THE POPULATION 2.- ADULTS AGE ESTRUCTURE 3.- FISH MORTALITY 4.- NATURAL MORTALITY 5.- RECRUITMENT INTENSITY 6.- GROWTH RATE 7.- FECUNDITY EGGS AND LARVAE MORTALITY

  19. FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ADDITION TO THE FISHERY ASSESSMENT 1.- PROSPECT IN ALTERNATIVE STOCKS AND “COST” OF SWITCHING. 2.- COST OF FISHING, CAPITAL, ETC. 3.- SHORE FACILITIES, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT. 4.- MARKETS, DEMAND AND PRICES.

  20. Biological uncertainty in fisheries THE ACTUAL STATE OF THE MAJOR FISHERIES IS NOT PRODUCT OF THE AZZARDS, BUT IS FAR AWAY OF A CONSEQUENCE OF SOMETHING PLANNED NEITHER FROM THE RESEARCH OR BY THE MANAGEMENT. ¿What we know? ¿What we would like to explain? And ¿What do we need to know in order to reduce the biological uncertainty?

  21. Types and levels of Biological Uncertainty (a) Ecosystem Structure Uncertainty, deal with the biological system in a particular environment organization such us upwelling ecosystem. (b) Funtional Ecosystem uncertainty, deal with the interaction degree between components of the ecosystems, and. (c) Temporal & Spatial Uncertainty, deal with the coupling variables resulting from the function and structure of the ecosystems.

  22. Ecosystem structure uncertainty: the biological system

  23. Ecosystem structure uncertainty: the biological system Jack Mackerel

  24. Ecosystem function uncertainty: CPUE Zona norte Acoustics Biomass CPUE Zona centro-sur

  25. Spatial & temporal uncertainty: Spawning vs population processes

  26. Spatial & Temporal variability Acoustic surveys

  27. Spatial & temporal Uncertaintypopulation processes • Onboard observation program • Catch data • Effort data • Size and Age Composition • Catch rates • Recruitment Program • Rate of changes • Abundance estimates • Biological data • Distribution • Recruitment • Direct Stock Assessment • Absolute Abundance Estimation • Age Size composition • Distribution & Behaviour

  28. Distribution of jack mackerel

  29. Abundance spot

  30. Stock Assessment With HydroAcoustics 2002 y 2003 Without HydroAcoustics 2002 y 2003

  31. FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS 1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling. 4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED. 5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS. 6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.

  32. FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS 1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling. 4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED. 5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS. 6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.

  33. Coelorhyncus fasciatus Genypterus maculatus Genypterus blacodes Merluccius gayi gayi Callorhynchus callorhynchus Epigonus Crassicaudus Raja spp Seriolella spp Instituto de Investigación Pesquera Trachurus s. murphyi The End

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