Introduction to Computers and the Internet

1. Introduction to Computers and the Internet Information Technology Department Bryar Hassan (BSc & MSc Eng.) bryar.hassan@kissr.edu.krd

2. Contents • What is a Computer? • Evolution of the Internet and WWW • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Web 2.0 • A Communication Model • Networking • The Internet • Software Technologies Internet Technology – First Year

3. What is a Computer? • Computer • Device capable of • Performing computations • Making logical decisions • Works billions of times faster than human beings • Fastest supercomputers today • Perform hundreds of billions of additions per second Internet Technology – First Year

4. What is a Computer? (Cont.) • Programs • Sets of instructions that process data • Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by computer programmers • Computer system • Comprised of various hardware devices • Keyboard • Screen • Disks • Memory • DVD drives • Processing Units Internet Technology – First Year

5. Evolution of the Internet and WWW • ARPANET • Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency of DOD) • Networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions with 56KB communications lines • Grandparent of today’s Internet • Intended to allow computers to be shared • Became clear that key benefit was allowing fast communication between researchers – electronic-mail (email) Internet Technology – First Year

6. Evolution of the Internet and WWW • ARPANET’s Goal • Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time • Network operated packet switching technique • Digital data sent in small packages called packets • Packets contained data, address info, error-control info and sequencing info • Greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated communications lines • Network designed to be operated without centralized control • If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route packets Internet Technology – First Year

7. Evolution of the Internet and WWW • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet • Ensured that messages were properly routed and that they arrived intact • Organizations implemented own networks • Used both for intra-organization and communication Internet Technology – First Year

8. Evolution of the Internet and WWW • Huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared • ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with development of the IP • Internetworking Protocol • Current architecture of Internet • Combined set of protocols called TCP/IP • The Internet • Limited to universities and research institutions • Military became big user • Next, government decided to access Internet for commercial purposes Internet Technology – First Year

9. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • W3C Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee • Homepage at www.w3.org • Goals • Internet universally accessible • Standardization Internet Technology – First Year

10. Web 2.0 • The term Web 2.0 was coined by Dale Dougherty • Web 2.0 definition = companies use the web as a platform to create collaborative, community-based sites (e.g., social networking sites, blogs, wikis, etc.). • Web 1.0 (1990s and early 2000s) focused on a small number of companies and advertisers producing content for users to access • Web 2.0 involves the • Web 1.0 is as a lecture, • Web 2.0 is a conversation • Websites like MySpace , Facebook , Flickr , YouTube, eBay and Wikipedia , users create the content, companies provide the platforms. Internet Technology – First Year

11. A Communication Model Internet Technology – First Year

12. The Key Elements of this Model • Source: generates data to be transmitted • Transmitter: converts data into transmittable signals • Transmission System: carries data from source to destination • Receiver: converts received signal into data • Destination: takes incoming data Internet Technology – First Year

13. Networking • Growth of number and power of computers is driving need for interconnection • Rapid Integration of voice, data, image, and video technologies • Networking Internet Technology – First Year

14. The Internet • Internet evolved form ARPANET • First operational packet switching network • Applied to tactical radio and satellite nets also • Led to standardized TCP/IP protocolsDevelopan understanding of various internet applications • Describe the basics of how internet works? Internet protocol IP address assignment • Explain the importance of websites and discuss ways to design a basic website using HTML for personal use; • Explain the use of webservers and cloud computing Internet Technology – First Year

15. Internet Elements Internet Technology – First Year

16. Internet Architecture Internet Technology – First Year

17. Software Technologies • Mark-up Languages • HTML • XML • Dynamic Scripting Languages • JSP • PHP • ASP.Net • Other Scripting Languages • JavaScript • VB Script • AJAX Internet Technology – First Year

18. Software Technologies • Programming Languages • Machine languages • Assembly languages • High-level languages, such as Java, C++, and C# • Web Servers • Apache • IIS • Databases • MySQL • MS SQL Server • Oracle Internet Technology – First Year