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Mendel --- Meiosis and Basic Genetics

Mendel --- Meiosis and Basic Genetics. _______________ is the scientific study of heredity. Genetics. Gregor Mendel is called the Father of ____________________. Genetics. He worked with ________________. Pea plants. He found these plants to be ____________________________. True - breeding.

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Mendel --- Meiosis and Basic Genetics

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  1. Mendel --- Meiosis and Basic Genetics

  2. _______________ is the scientific study of heredity. Genetics Gregor Mendel is called the Father of ____________________ Genetics He worked with ________________. Pea plants He found these plants to be ____________________________. True - breeding They reproduced quickly, which made them easy to study.

  3. Gregor Mendel developed several of the principles of Genetics His first principle simply stated that traits are controlled by pairs of factors (genes) which are passed from generation to generation. This became known as Mendel’s Principle of Inheritance.

  4. Principle of dominance: Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.

  5. Principle of Segregation: The 2 alleles are segregated from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene.

  6. The principles of probabilty can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. A punnett square is used for predicting probabilities in genetics.

  7. Capital Letters represent _______________ Lower case letters represent _______________ Dominant alleles Resessive alleles

  8. Homozygous ________________ Heterozygous__________________ Two alleles the same Two different alleles Genotype ______________________________ Phenotype ______________________________ What the gene combination looks like (TT/tt/Tt) What the trait looks like in the organism. (Tall or Short)

  9. Probabilities of offspring predict averages in large sample sizes Segregation of gametes is supported by ratios of offspring Mendels principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

  10. Segregation of gametes is supported by ratios of offspring The 2 factor cross demonstrates independent assorment. R = r= Y= y= Round wrinkled Yellow green

  11. Mendel’s principles form the base on which genetics is built • The inheritance of characteristics is determined by units known as gene. These are passed from parents to offspring. • Some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive • Each adult has 2 copies of each gene—one from each parent, they are segregated from each other when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of each other.

  12. Beyond Mendel Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes

  13. Incomplete Dominance: 2 colors mix to make a third color (red + white = pink) Red pink pink White pink pink

  14. Codominance Both colors show up at the same time Speckles, White body, black feet, holsteins (black and white) B B B = Black B’ = White BB’ Black and White BB’ Black and White B’ B’ BB’ Black and White BB’ Black and White

  15. Multiple alleles More than 2 possible alleles for the same trait Rabbit coat color

  16. Polygenic traits More than 1 gene determines the trait Mendel’s principles of genetics require at least two things. First, each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from both its “parents.” Because each pea plant has two “parents,” each plant must carry two complete sets of genes. Second, when an organism produces its own gametes, those two sets of genes must be separated from each other so that each gamete contains just one set of genes. This means that when gametes are formed, there must be a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set.

  17. All body(soma) cells of an organism have the same number of chromosomes They are paired in ____________pairs homologous This is called the _______________ number(2n) Diploid

  18. Gametes or sex cell have half this Number of chromosomes and are said to be _________________(n) Haploid reduction Meiosis is a _________________ division in which the chromosome number is cut in ___________ Half

  19. There are 2 phases of meiosis. Phase 1 is where ________ form and _____________ can occur Meiosis II is where the chromosome # is reduced to half There is NO duplication of chromosomes just a second division of the cells

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