On design and innovation….

1. EDER 673Instructional Design (iD)Exploring Different Approaches Together:A conversation between scholars.AndWe begin exploring learning theories for instructionDate: January 30, 2003for the Week of Jan 30 to Feb 6, 2003Eugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational Technologyvia Vclass Audio Conference technology in real-time mode

2. On design and innovation…. The machines that are first invented to perform any particular movement are always the most complex, and succeeding artists generally discover that, with fewer wheels, with fewer principles of motion, than had originally been employed, the same effects may be more easily produced. The first systems, in the same manner, are always the most complex…. (Adam Smith, 1741)

3. Housekeeping/ Agenda • Issues and Trends - Your Topics and Class Viewpoints • Is Behaviorism Dead? • Is Educational Technology Failing / Oversold? • Is Constructivism “The Answer?” to Design? • Is Cognitivism “The Answer?” Is there “An Answer?” • Do you know the difference between • Instruction • Instructional Design • Instructional Theory • Learning Theory • Instructional Design and Educational Technology? • A preview of learning theories (next week’s reading).

4. First, A Masters Student Discussion & Presentations: A Leadership ExerciseAs we exploring (together) different: ET, iD &other perspectives (“isms”) on instruction and instructional design.(selected topics from From Gentry & Csete in Anglin, 1995)

5. Issues: Student Presentations • Issues: Jody • The boundaries of the educational technology field (and ID) will remain poorly drawn. • Issues: John / Gene • The curricular core of academic and other programs designed to prepare educational technologists will remain ill defined and inconsistent. • Issues: Rosemarie • The bulk of research in the field will continue to be sporadic and diffuse. • Issues: Allan • There will continue to be only limited use of primary criteria for evaluating instructional development process, product or implementation. • Issues: Calvin • Undesirable side effects of the entrepreneurial practices of individual practitioners of educational technology will continue negatively to affect credibility and effectiveness. • Issues: Tammy • There will continue to be inconsistent support for educational technology from administrators, educators and trainers.

6. Issues: Student Presentations: Continued: • Simon • There will continue to be a division between educational technologists and other educators over the theories of learning to which they adhere. • Issues: Karen • There will continue to be inadequate response to the critics of educational technology. • Issues: Michelle • Confusion over the definition of and the need for technological literacy will continue. • Issues: Kenneth • The predilection of educational technologists and other educators to reinvent the wheel will not significantly lessen:

7. Trend: Student Presentations: • Jennifer • The creation of technology - based teaching / learning products is based largely upon instructional design and development principles. • Trends: Sean • Evaluation has taken on greater importance as the concept of performance technology has been further developed. • Trends: Andrew • The number of educational technology case studies is growing and provides general guidance for potential users. • Trends: Richard • Distance education is evident at almost every level in almost every sector. • Trends: Leo “The Lion” :-) • The field of educational technology has more and better information about itself than ever before. • Trends: Joanne (ID Spelunker) • Computers are pervasive in the schools. Virtually every school in the United States has microcomputers.

8. Trends Continued: Student Presentations -Trends: Dean (Soccer IS a design metaphor) • Telecommunications is the link that is connecting education to the world. • Trends: Ray • The teacher’s role in the teaching and learning process is changing as new technologies are introduced to the classroom. • Trends: Michael • There is increasing pressure for the schools to consider the adoption of technology while, at the same time, concern is expressed for the impact of technology on children in the society at large. • Trends: Simon. …gentle readers.. Simon, a victim of accounting error, was asked to do two topics … 3 Cheers for Simon!! • Professional education of educational technologists has stabilized in size and scope.

9. Beyond the Trends: Captain James Kirk… • Ed tech is being shaped more by external forces than by internal influence of its own professionals. • The causes of traditional media resources has become routine in most elementary classrooms • There is little evidence to show that the computer has made major contributions to learning in the classroom. • The self contained classroom is the greatest single barrier to the use of educational principles and practices. • The field is shifting from the use of media and technology for enrichment to technology for replacement. • Idevelopment is being practiced more in nonschool settings than in schools. • Distance education has become an operation analog of ET. • Cognitive science provides the best source of theoretical principles that underlie instructional design. • Evaluation is valued but infrequently used. • Educational Technology continues to be perceived as a field concerned more and more with hardware and software than with learning.

10. Break in Transmission…PLEASE STAND BYwhile Gene loads Slide Set 2 for.. A PREVIEW OF LEARNING THEORY

11. EDER 673Instructional Design (iD)Part IIIntroduction to Learning TheoriesDate: January 30, 2003Eugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational Technologyvia Vclass Audio Conference technology in real-time modeMINIMALGRAPHICS VERSON After Driscoll, M. P (200). Psychology for Instruction (2nd Ed.). Allyn & Bacon

12. A conception of the relations among three epistemological traditions(Kowch after Driscoll, 2000) Pragmatism • Knowledge is negotiated • From experience & reason • Reality is interpreted through • signs, internal and external Interpretivism Objectivism • Reality is external, objective (known) • Knowledge is acquired through • Experience. • Reality is internal, relative to a frame • Of reference (subjective) • Knowledge is constructed through both • By interaction socially and internally

13. An Advance Organizer for Theories of Learning Behaviorism: The Black Box Metaphor S->R Environmental Stimuli Observed Behavior Information Processing:The Computer Metaphor Input: Sensory Stimulation Output: Learned Capabilities Human Cognitive processes Interactional Models: Social Context Matters Proximal learning Multiple Intelligences Emotional Intelligence

14. Definitions: Learning : is … a persisting change in performance or performance potential that results from experience and interaction with the world.Learning Theory: …is a set of constructs linking …Results: changes in performanceMeans: Hypothesized structures and processes responsible for learningInputs: Resources or experiences that trigger learning.

15. Radical Behaviorism S -> R Is most closely Associated with Radical Behaviorism Skinner involves The experimental Analysis of behavior Principles of Behavior Management Leads to Behavior Modification Applications Instructional Objectives Performance Anal. & Support

16. Cognitive Information Processing (Gagne & Briggs) Cognitive Information Processing Stage theory - processing begins With sensory input • Short-Term Memory (temporary working memory) • Rehearsing • Chunking • Sensory Memory • Visual • auditory Encoding Retrieval Long-Term Memory Instructional Implications Provide organized instruction Arrange extensive and variable practice Enhance learner’s self-control of information processing Semantic Networks Models of Memory Storage Feature comparisons Parallel Processing

17. Gagne & Briggs: We Remember….

18. Situated Cognition: Living To Learn Ecological Approach To Perception Are antecedents to Situated Cognition Critical Pedagogy Knowledge is Conceived as Lived practices Learning is Participation in communities of practice Everyday Cognition Which leads to Which involves and Implications for instruction Implications for instruction Implications for instruction • Including Cognitive Apprenticeships • Anchored Instruction • Learning Communities • Assessment in-Situ

19. Cognitive and Knowledge Development • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete operational • Formal operational Four Stages of Development Three Developmental Processes • Assimilation • Accommodation • Equilibrium Evidence Countering Piaget Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology Not all cultures reach formal operations Reasoning is not always consistent within a stage Children learn more in a stage than P thought. Reasoning is domain specific Theories of Cognitive Development Most established theory Alternative Information Processing Approaches Neo-Piagetian View A computational model A componential analysis A framework theory approach A new agenda Children’s thinking is endlessly variable and endlessly changing Development is the process of a novice becoming an expert Biological maturation affects STM operational capacity Generalization is primary mechanism of development Intuitive theories develop with experience in specific domains

20. Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development Interactional Theories of Development Vygotsky Bruner Vygotsky’s Developmental Method • Mediation through signs • Emphasized culture • Based in human activity Three Models of Representing Understanding • Enactive • Iconic • Symbolic Social Origins of Thinking Cognitive Growth • internalization • Zone of proximal development (next slide) • intersubjectivity Discovery, Learning and Inquiry Teaching influences • Implications: • Learning pulls development • Instruction should be scaffolded in the zone of proximal development • Intersubjective interaction is important Culture

21. Detail from the last slide: Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development Undeveloped Capabilities Developing Capabilities Developing Capabilities Zone of Proximal Development What the child can do unassisted What the child can do With assistance What the child cannot do yet Zone of Proximal Development (with appropriate instruction in the Zone of Proximal Development, the boundaries of the zone SHIFT).

22. Biological Bases of Learning & Memory - Chemistry and Physical Science Explanations…Recall our WebCT Discussion Thread“She was born with it” Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Ultimate causes Proximate causes Evolution Neuropsychology Attention and the brain Learning, memory and the brain Conditioning Cognition Cognitive development and the brain • Implications of Evolution • Humans my be predisposed to certain fears • Behaviors for which there is no predisposition to learn may be difficult to overcome • Actions associated with decreased fitness in ancestral populations may be difficult to establish • Implications of Neuropsychology • Cognitive functions are differentiated • The brain is relatively plastic in nature • Language may be biologically pre programmed • Learning disabilities may have a neurological basis

23. Behaviorism: The Black Box Metaphor Environmental Stimuli Observed Behavior Information Processing:The Computer Metaphor Input: Sensory Stimulation Output: Learned Capabilities Human Cognitive processes Interactional Models: Social Context Matters Proximal learning Multiple Intelligences Recall: The Advance Organizer for Theories of Learning Radical Behaviorist Theories Biological Theory Cognitive Theories Situated Cognition Theories Interaction Theories Emotional Intelligence

24. Adieu for this week, EDER 673Instructional Design (iD) Introduction to Learning TheoriesReadings for This WeekSee the Course Web Site: http://www.ucalgary.ca/~ekowch/673/673home.htmlBednar et al. In Anglin (1995) (Cognitive) Theory Into Practice Ch. 8 (pp. 100 - 112)Aronson & Briggs (1999). Contributions of Gagne and Briggs to a Prescriptive Model of Instruction. In C.Reigeluth(Ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models - An Overview and Current Status (pp. 75-101).Eugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational TechnologyNext Week: Asynchronous Class on WebCT: See Home Page by 7:00 PM MST Feb 6th.