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MINERALS

MINERALS. What are they? Mod.E U.3 L.1. SAME STUFF?. What I think ( before ). What is a mineral? Are rocks and minerals the same?. The characteristics of a mineral. It is natural It is a solid It is inorganic – nonliving It has a regular crystalline structure

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MINERALS

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  1. MINERALS What are they? Mod.E U.3 L.1

  2. SAME STUFF?

  3. What I think (before) • What is a mineral? • Are rocks and minerals the same?

  4. The characteristics of a mineral • It is natural • It is a solid • It is inorganic – nonliving • It has a regular crystalline structure • It has a definite chemical composition.

  5. Humans have always used minerals from the earth: • Early artists made their own paints from red and yellow pigments present in soils, the minerals hematite and ochre. • Countries and trade companies battled over deposits of table salt, also called halite, in the East Indies.

  6. Drywall, made of gypsum; • Cement made out of lime or calcite; • Aluminum from the mineral bauxite to make aluminum foil and soda cans. • Don’t forget all the jewelry!

  7. Mineral?

  8. Mineral?

  9. Mineral?

  10. Mineral? SnowCrystals.com

  11. All matter is made up of … • Atoms • Elements • Compounds • See pR12-13

  12. Matter …. • Anything that has mass--amount of matter (grams) • And, has volume -amount of space occupied (liters or cm3)

  13. All matter is made up of Atoms – building blocks

  14. Parts of an atom: • Center – nucleus - protons and neutrons • Surrounded by electrons.

  15. Elements: • Have only one type of atom • Are pure substances • E.g. Gold, oxygen, silicon, copper, etc, • See periodic table – list of all elements p R13

  16. Compounds • Made up of MOLECULES – 2 or more atoms chemically joined together • E.g. water: H2O, carbon dioxide: CO2 • Quartz: SiO4 • Pure substance(only one type of particle)

  17. Examples • Mineral: Silver – pure element • Mineral: Silicates – Compound of silicon, carbon and oxygen

  18. CRYSTALS • Solid, geometric forms, repeating pattern of atoms • Kinds of atoms determine the arrangement • The arrangement determine the crystal’s shape • Each mineral has a definite crystal structure

  19. Quartz

  20. Halite

  21. Crystals

  22. Crystal Systems • Cubic • Hexagonal • Tetragonal • Orthorhombic • Monoclinic • Triclinic • Rhombohedral

  23. Rocks and MineralsSame or different? • Rocks are made of minerals!

  24. ACTIVITY 1 • On each Table is an object. • Examine each object and determine which ones are minerals using the five questions on page 142-3 of your text. • Write your answers neatly in your notebook. • Work QUIETLY!

  25. How are Rocks and Minerals formed? • Major factors: Temperature, Pressure, & Elements present. • From Molten Rock– Magma & Lava e.g. quartz, granite • By Metamorphism – e.g. graphite, diamond, • From Solution – Hot solutions cool, Precipitation. E.g. Gypsum, Halite, Dolomite, Gold

  26. TYPES OF MINERALS • Silicate Minerals – 90% of all minerals • Contain silicon and oxygen • Non-silicate Minerals – Contain other minerals like carbon, iron, sulfur, etc • Copy classes of Nonsilcate Minerals p147

  27. Silicates • Contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) in silicate tetrahedron unit: SiO4 "Obtained from www.scienceinthebox.com (P&G website)"

  28. Quartz • Quartz (SiO4) - Used to make computer chips. Rarely pure • Many varieties: Rose quartz, Smoky quartz, Amethyst, Milky quartz https://geology.com/minerals/

  29. Non-silicates • A. Oxides - Contain various types of elements bonded to oxygen (O-2) • Corundum(Al2O3) • a. One of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Hardness= 9) • b. Used as an abrasive • c. Contains impurities • d. Gem stones include: red=ruby and blue=sapphire - Hematite (Fe2O3) • a. Streaks yield reddish color - Magnetite (Fe3O4) - Dark gray, Magnetic

  30. Nonsilicate • B. Sulfides-- contain various types of elements bonded to Sulphur (S-2) • Pyrite(FeS2) "fool's gold“ a. Gold color, Green streak, Brittle, • Chalcopyrite(CuFeS2) - Like pyrite, but more yellowish, Contains copper • - Galena (PbS) - Greyish color, Very dense • Sphalerite(ZnS) (zinc sulfide) - • Yellowish-green streak, Powder has "rotten egg" odor

  31. C. Carbonates - Consist of various elements bonded to (CO3)-2 • Calcite (CaCO3) effervesces in HCl • Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) effervesces in HCl when powdered • D. SulfatesSulfates consist of elements bonded to sulfate group (SO4)-2 -Gypsum (CaSO4)--used in construction

  32. E. Halides - Halides consist of elements bonded to chlorine (Cl-) or flourine (F-) • Halite (NaCl) Common table salt Known as "rock salt," used to soften hard water • Flourite (CaF2) (Calcium flouride)--used in manufacture of toothpaste • F. Phosphates - Consist of elements bonded to a phosphate group (PO4)-3 • Apatite(Ca5(F,Cl,OH)PO4)3--what teeth are made of • G. Native Elements - Only one element gold(Au), copper(Cu), silver(Ag), sulphur(S), diamond and graphite(C),

  33. Mineraloids • Are similar to minerals, but have no crystalline structure • Examples: Obsidian, limonite, flint, opal

  34. Mining Minerals • Mining – Extracting minerals from the earth • Ore – Raw material containing mineral

  35. 2 Main Ways Minerals are Mined. 1. Surface Mining – Open pit

  36. 2. Underground mining

  37. Resources: • http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/rocks.html • www.minerals.net • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals • http://www.galleries.com/default.htm

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