Chapter 16 THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION

1. Chapter 16THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION

2. Freedmen’s Bureau • Federal agency that aided freed slaves • Helped them get food, housing, education, health care, and employment contracts

3. Civil War Amendments • Granted the following rights to African Americans: • 13th – Freedom • 14th – Citizenship (equal protection + due process) • 15th – Suffrage

5. The President Versus Congress • President Johnson (Democrat) sought speedy reconstruction with minimum changes in the South • Congress (Republicans) sought slower reconstruction, demanded protection for freedmen

6. President Johnson

8. "THE FREEDMAN'S BUREAU! An Agency to keep the NEGRO in idleness at the EXPENSE of the white man. Twice vetoed by the PRESIDENT, and made a law by CONGRESS. Support Congress & you support the negro. Sustain the President and you protect the white man."

9. Wartime Reconstruction • Lincoln announced lenient policy in 1863 • Republican Congress wanted to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage • Mistrusted white Southerners

10. Republican Congress • Radical Republicans insisted on black suffrage • Feared that South would fall under great planter control without black suffrage

11. Radical Reconstruction Plan Enacted (1867) • Radical Republicans overrode Johnson’s vetoes • Put South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured

12. Carpetbaggers • Term Southerners gave to Northerners who moved south during Reconstruction

14. Scalawags • Southern whites who supported Reconstruction • Carpetbaggers + scalawags cooperated to form Republican state governments

15. Reconstruction

16. The Impeachment Crisis • 1868: Congress impeached Johnson • Tenure of Office Act • Senate refused to convict Johnson • By 1 vote • Radical Republicans seen as subverting Constitution, lost public support

17. Reorganizing Land and Labor • Ex-slaves wanted to work their own land • Most land reverted to white owners • Contract labor • Sharecropping • Crop lien system

18. Black Codes • South very segregated after War • Black Codes designed to return blacks to quasi-slavery

19. The Election of 1868

20. KKK + Democratic Party are just continuations of the Confederacy

21. Retreat from Reconstruction • Grant’s weak principles contributed to failure • Panic of 1873 raised “the money question” • Soft currency (greenbacks) vs. hard currency (gold/silver)

22. A Reign of Terror Against Blacks • 1870s: Ku Klux Klan terrorized blacks to keep them from voting

23. Cartoon threatening KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, 1868

26. Spoilsmen Versus Reformers • Rumors of corruption during Grant's first term discredited Republicans • Lots of scandal in Grant’s second term

27. The Election of 1872

28. The Compromise of 1877 • Special Congressional commission gave disputed vote for president to Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) • Southern Democrats accepted on two conditions: • Guarantee of federal aid to the South • Removal of all remaining federal troops • Ends Reconstruction

31. “Redeeming” a New South • "Redeemers" came to power after Radical Reconstruction fell in the Southern states • Gained power by doctrine of white supremacy

32. Redeemers (Conservatives) Take Over State Governments

34. The Rise of Jim Crow • Jim Crow laws legalized segregation and restricted black civil rights • Lynching—over 180 blacks lynched yearly 1889–1899 • Federal government did little or nothing to prevent it

35. The revival of the KKK • 1915