Canadian Activities with Regard to TEMPO

1. Canadian Activities with Regard to TEMPO Chris McLinden Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada 2nd TEMPO Science Team Meeting Hampton, VA 21-22 May 2014

2. Canadian Interest • From Statistics Canada (2008): • ~21,000 deaths from air pollution • economic cost ~ C$8B, accumulating to > C$250B by 2030 • Canada is a large, sparsely populated country with significant monitoring gaps • TEMPO coverage: • >99% of Canadian population • >50% of Canadian territory

3. 1st Canadian-TEMPO workshop • Held in Montréal, November 13-14, 2013 • Included ~40 scientists from Canadian government and academia; (plus Caroline Nowlan, Kelly Chance, Ken Jucks); 27 presentations (archived at http://exp-studies.tor.ec.gc.ca/~ctempo/) • Themes of the workshop were: • satellite retrievals • validation over Canada • air quality modelling and chemical data assimilation • operational applications • A key outcome was an agreement to draft a Canadian TEMPO science plan to obtain co-funding for projects and co-ordinate research

4. Research Interests • Retrieval development (e.g., retrievals over snow) • Simulated / quantifying the stratosphere / strat-trop separation • Air quality model development and validation • Chemical data assimilation • Assimilation of stratospheric profiles • Assimilation of TEMPO + strat + surface quantities • Deposition studies, cumulative impacts • Quantifying emissions • Epidemiological studies

5. New project 1: Assessment of the potential constraints on stratospheric NO2 from limb observations • Led by prof. Dylan Jones (U of Toronto); team: Randall Martin (Dal), Adam Bourassa & Doug Degenstein (UoS) Study 1: Using stratospheric profiles of O3, NO2, and HNO3 measured by a polar orbiter help constrain stratospheric NOx? • Approach: GEOS-Chem to generate pseudo-data of O3, NO2, and HNO3 from ALiSS and then assimilate them into the model, starting from a different a priori, to assess the potential of the data to constrain stratospheric NOx Study 2: Using OSSEs to quantifying the sensitivity of top-down NOx emissions to assimilated stratospheric NO2 columns HNO3 R5: OH R6: h R1: O3 NO NO2 R2: h R3: NO3 N2O5 R4: h Constraining NO2 in a chemical data assimilation context is challenging since the NO2 lifetime is short  therefore focus on optimizing NOx. • ALiSS (Atmospheric Limb Sounding Satellite) • Under consideration, late 2010s launch • Canada + Sweden (+ others?) • CATS: limb scatter; O3, NO2, aerosol • STEAMR: limb sub-mm; O3, HNO3, N2O • Stratospheric + UT profiles; >8 km

6. New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO2 OMI OSIRIS • Work performed at University of Saskatchewan (Elise Normand, Adam Bourassa, U of Sask.) • An exploratory study looking at combining existing Level 2 data products - stratospheric NO2 from a limb sounder (OSIRIS) used to remove the stratospheric VCD from a nadir-viewing instrument (OMI) • Many challenges: LST adjustment; known OMI SCD high bias Following Belmonte Rivas et al., AMTD, 2014

7. New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO2 • OMI NO2 SCDs are biased high (Belmonte Rivas et al., 2013) • A scaling of 0.8 – 0.85 most consistent with OSIRIS strat-NO2 VCDs

8. Canadian AQ Forecast Suite : Operational Configuration: GEM-MACH10 Global Environmental Multi-scale model - Modelling Air quality and CHemistry • GEM-MACH options chosen to meet EC’s operational AQ forecast needs; key characteristics include: • limited-area (LAM) configuration where grid points are co-located with operational met-only GEM which supplies initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions for GEM-MACH10 • 10-km horizontal grid spacing, 80 vertical levels to 0.1 hPa • 2-bin sectional representation of PM size distribution (i.e., 0-2.5 and 2.5-10 μm) with 9 chemical components • Some processes resolved with increased number of bins GEM-10 grid (blue) ; GEM-MACH10 grid (red) • Full process representation of oxidant and aerosol chemistry: • gas-, aqueous- & heterogeneous chemistry mechanisms • aerosol dynamics • dry and wet deposition (including in and below cloud scavenging)

9. Chemical data assimilation • Chemical data assimilation – Improving operational AQ forecasts and improving products associated to chemical modelling and prediction. • Accounting of stratospheric NO2 (and O3) via synergy of model forecasts and observations from other sources (e.g. CATS) • Implement simplified NO2 stratospheric modelling (currently have full strato-chemistry (GEM-BACH) and LINOZ linearized chemistry). • Investigate NO2 assimilation strategies. • To benefit from OSSE to be conducted by UofT (Dylan Jones – funded by CSA) • Assimilation to be performed at EC with EnVar and GEM-MACH (coupled weather-chemistry model) and, in collaboration with BIRA, the stratospheric BASCOE CTM with 4D-Var and hybrid EnVar.

10. Validation Network NAPS (surface) CAPMoN (surface) Brewer Aerocan (Aeronet) Ozone sonde Pandora not shown

11. Pandora Network Pandora 2013: Toronto, oil sands 2014: Egbert, Saturna 2015: Edmonton, oil sands (2) 2016: tbd x 2

12. Pandora Spectrometer – comparisons with Brewer An example: Feb 22, 2014 Pandora 103 and 104 in Toronto The Pandora-Brewer difference New Triad (double-Brewers) There is a 0% to 4% systematic difference between Brewer and Pandora total ozone caused likely by the difference in ozone absorption coefficients and their temperature dependence. Old Triad (single-Brewers) Pandora measurements adjusted for the bias were used as a reference. From Vitali Fioletov, EC

13. Sable Island Air Quality Source Apportionment Study (Sable Island - 300 km SE of Nova Scotia, Canada) Dr. Mark Gibson & Dr. Susanne Craig, Dalhousie Universityin collaboration with Environment Canada/ Nova Scotia Environment/ Parks Canada Sable provides a remote oceanic station for monitoring reference atmospheric conditions, and that makes a comprehensive program on the island vital for various scientific reasons, as well as being in the broader regional national and international interest. Perfect first cal/val site for TEMPO observationsand for studying continental smog outflow, anthropic and biogenic marine emissions Gibson Instrumentation:- Size-resolved PM mass (1.0/2.5/10 μm & TSP), number (10 nm – 20 μm) & PM chemical species VOC species (100+ by GC-MS) Environment Canada & NAPS InstrumentsNOx, SO2, CO, H2S, O3 PM2.5 and a CIMEL Sunphotometer From Mark Gibson, Dalhousie

14. Summer 2013 Measurement Intensive: Aircraft + 2 supersites • National Research Council Convair-580 • High time resolution measurements: • Particle size and speciation • Particle number as a function of size (6 nm to 20 mm). • Black carbon aerosol mass • Meteorology, including 3D winds and turbulence • Gases: SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, NH3, HCHO, H2O • VOCs, measured using three methods: • 150 hydrocarbon suite (canisters), • Carboxylic acids, inorganic acids, isocyanic acid, substituted phenols (CIMS) • Non and substituted VOCs (PTR-MS) From Shao-Meng Li, EC

15. August 31, 2013 – OMI validation 50 ppb SO2 at 1.4 km background Only (near) cloud-free, “good” OMI pixels are shown

16. September 3, 2013 – TES validation CO Forest fire plume from California ? Regional ? 80 ppb Oil sands 135 ppb