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The Argument

The Argument. ENGL 1301 Patterns 12 th edition Dr. Rufel Ramos. Persuasion. Persuasion = “how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action” (page 526). The 3 Appeals of Persuasion : Pathos = Feelings / Emotion

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The Argument

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  1. The Argument ENGL 1301 Patterns 12th edition Dr. Rufel Ramos

  2. Persuasion Persuasion = “how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action” (page 526). The 3 Appeals of Persuasion: Pathos = Feelings / Emotion Ethos = Ethics / Morals of the writer Logos = Logic / Reason

  3. Argument Argument is a form of Persuasion, using Logos, and (from page 526) • Has a claim & makes points • Supplies evidence (physical & testimonial) • Establishes a logical chain of reasoning • Refutes opposing arguments • Accommodates the audience’s views

  4. A Claim = Argumentative Thesis (527-528) • “A good argumentative thesis states a proposition that at least some people will object to. Arguing a statement of fact or an idea that most people accept as self-evident is pointless” (527). • Good argumentative thesis test: make an antithesis (528)

  5. 3 Parts of Any Good Argument • Deduction: Establishes a logical chain of reasoning(533-535) • Induction: Supplies physical and testimonial evidence(529-531,535-536) • Refutation: Deals with opposing arguments (531-532)

  6. Deduction: The Syllogism (533-535) • Major premise: general assumption(s) or belief(s); the major category • Minor premise: specific assumption or belief of the specific situation; a member in that category • Conclusion: apply generals to specifics The more complicated the issue is, the more premises the deduction needs!

  7. Induction: Linking the Evidence Together (535-536) • “What if” hypothesis – needs proof • Body of evidence – as the proof • Inferential, inductive leap to -- • Conclusion -- confirms or refutes the hypothesis

  8. 2 Kinds of Evidence That Always Go Together (529)

  9. Refutation: Dealing with the Opposition (531-532) • Summarize what the opposing point is fairly. Avoid making a straw man! (532) • Show contrasting evidence. • Show logical fallacies(537-540). Always assume your opposition has a good reason to believe what he/she believes. Remember: You are trying to persuade them!

  10. The Other Appeals Use Pathos and Ethos to “candy-coat” your Logos, in order to accommodate your audience’s views – but remember to be fair (526-527). How? Choose your words WISELY, maintaining a trustworthy tone of voice.

  11. One Method to Structure a Short Argument Essay: (from 541-542) Intro: Introduce issue; state your claim Body 1: Deduction: your beliefs, logically explained in a causal chain Body 2: Induction: your body of evidence Body 3: Refutation: your opposition’s view and your response to it Conclusion: Restate claim; give advice and/or predict future Example: Matt Daniels’ essay (545-547)

  12. Final Note • ALWAYS introduce the issue with some background history of the controversy and state your claim in at the end of the Introduction. • ALWAYS restate your claim at the beginning of the Conclusion and conclude with some recommendation (advice) and/or prediction of the future. • Follow good Argumentation (Revision Checklist on pp 542-643, Peer Editing Worksheet on page 550) – especially avoiding LOGICAL FALLACIES.

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