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Pentaquarks on the Lattice

University of Cyprus. Pentaquarks on the Lattice. Alexandrou EINN 2005 Workshop “New Hadrons: Facts and Fancy” Milos, 19 September 2005. The Storyteller, like a cat slipping in and out of the shadows. Slipping in and out of reality?. Θ +. Outline. Spectroscopy from Lattice QCD

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Pentaquarks on the Lattice

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  1. University of Cyprus Pentaquarks on the Lattice • Alexandrou • EINN 2005 Workshop “New Hadrons: Facts and Fancy” • Milos, 19 September 2005

  2. The Storyteller, like a cat slipping in and out of the shadows. Slipping in and out of reality? Θ+

  3. Outline • Spectroscopy from Lattice QCD • Resonances on the Lattice • Diquarks • Pentaquarks • Summary of quenched results on pentaquarks • Conclusions

  4. L a t t i c e Q C D ChPT pQCD E Solving QCD coupling constantg • At large energies, where the coupling constant is small, perturbation theory is applicable  has been successful in describing high energy processes • At very low energies chiral perturbation theory becomes applicable • At energies ~ 1 GeV the coupling constant is of order unity  need a non-perturbative approach • Present analytical techniques inadequate • Numerical evaluation of path integrals on a space-time lattice •  Lattice QCD – a well suited non-perturbative method that uses directly the QCD Langragian and therefore no new parameters enter

  5. a • Finite lattice spacing a: is determined from the coupling constant and gives the length/energy scale with respect to which all physical observables are measured must take a0 to recover continuum physics • specify the bare quark mass mq: is taken much larger than the u and d quark mass extrapolate to the chiral limit • must be solved numerically on the computer using similar methods to those used in Statistical Mechanics  Finite volume: must take the spatial volume to infinity • Wick rotation into Euclidean time: • limits applicability to lower states Lattice QCD Lattice QCD is a discretised version of the QCD Lagrangian with only parameters the coupling constant and the masses of the quarks

  6. Evolve in imaginary time: i.e. assume transfer matrix • Take overlap with trial state: insert complete set of energy eigenstates Correlator / two-point function spectral weights • Take limit : extract E1 measured w.r.t.to vacuum energy provided w0 = <0|φ>=0 and w1= <1|φ> is non zero Masses of Hadrons • Create initial trial state with operator J+ that has the quantum numbers of the hadron we want to study: Energies can be extracted from the time evolution of correlation functions:

  7. Pion mass: Using Wick contractions the correlator can be written in terms of quark propagators Projects to zero momentum where the operator Jπ = d γ5u has the pion quantum numbers G+(x;0) fit plateau  mπ Contamination due to excited states bending due to antiperiodic b.c. Smearing suppresses excited states Effective mass: G G+

  8. Precision results in the quenched approximation The quenched light quark spectrum from CP-PACS, Aoki et al., PRD 67 (2003) • Lattice spacing a  0 • Chiral extrapolation • Infinite volume limit

  9. Excited states? Construct NxN mass correlation matrix: C. Michael, NPB259 (1985) 58 M. Lüscher & U. Wolff, NPB339 (1990) 222 Maximization of ground state overlap leads to the generalized eigenvalue equation It can be shown that The effective masses defined as-ln (λn(t,t0) /λn(t-1,t0)determine N plateaus from which the energies of the N lowest lying stationary states can be extracted Final result is independent of t0, but for larger t0 values the statistical errors are larger

  10. Can one distinguish a resonance from two-particlescattering states? • different volume dependence of energies and spectral weights • resonances show up as extra states with weak volume dependence M. LüscherNPB364 (1991) Resonances Consider two interacting particles in a finite box with periodic or antiperiodic boundary conditions • discrete momentum leading to discrete energy spectrum where , kx ,ky, kz=0,1,2,.. assuming periodic b.c.and therefore E depends on L  from the discrete energy spectrum one can, in principle deduce scattering phase shifts and widths, M. LüscherNPB364 (1991) Difficult in practice Demonstrated in a toy model: O(4) non-linear σ-model M. Göckeler et al., NPB 425 (1994) 413

  11. Ε12π 2mρ 2mπ Slower approach to asymptotic plateau value Two pion-system in I=2 Correlation matrix with J(x) product of pion- and rho-type interpolating fieldse.g. total momentum=0 Spacing between scattering states~1/ Ls2

  12. Project to zero relative momentum: π(0)π(0) Check taking p=0 on small lattice (163x32)

  13. Originally proposed by Jaffe in 1977: Attraction between two quarks can produce diquarks: qqin 3 flavor, 3 color and spin singlet  behave like a bosonic antiquark in color and flavorD :scalar diquark s and D A diquark and an anti-diquark mutually attract making a meson of diquarks tetraquarks A nonet with JPC=0++ if diquarks dominate no exotics in q2q2 Exotic baryons? pentaquarks q q Diquarks Soliton model Diakonov, Petrov and Polyakov in 1997 predicted narrow Θ+(1530) in antidecuplet

  14. Linear confining potential A tube of chromoelectric flux forms between a quark and an antiquark. The potential between the quarks is linear and therefore the force between them constant. linear potential G. Bali, K. Schilling, C. Schlichter, 1995

  15. q q q q q q q q q Static potential for tetraquarks and pentaquarks Main conclusion:When the distances are such that diquark formation is favored the static potentials become proportional to the minimal length flux tube joining the quarks signaling formation of a genuine multiquark state C. Α. andG. Koutsou, PRD 71 (2005)

  16. Can we study non-static diquarks on the Lattice? Static quark propagator Baryon with an infinitely heavy quark Flavor symmetric  spin one Define color antitriplet diquarks in the presence of an infinitely heavy spectator: Flavor antisymmetric  spin zero t t=0 light quark propagator G(x;0) R. Jaffe hep-ph/0409065 Models suggest that scalar diquark is lighter than the vector attraction: M0 M1>M0 M1 In the quark model, one gluon exchange gives rise to color spin interacion: M1 –M0 ~ 2/3 (MΔ-MN)= 200 MeV and

  17. Mass difference between ``bad`` and ``good`` diquarks C.A., Ph. de Forcrand and B. Lucini Lattice 2005 • First results using 200 quenched configurations at β=5.8 (a~0.15 fm) β=6.0(a~0.10 fm) • fix mπ~800 MeV (κ=0.1575at β=5.8 and κ=0.153at β=6.0) • heavier mass mπ ~1 GeV to see decrease in mass(κ=0.153at β=5.8) β=6.0 κ=0.153 ΔM (GeV) K. Orginos Lattice 2005: unquenched results with lighter light quarks

  18. j0 (x) = : u(x) γ0 u(x) : u j0(x) θ d j0(y) Diquark distribution Two-density correlators : provide information on the spatial distribution of quarks inside the heavy-light baryon quark propagator G(x;0) Study the distribution of d-quark around u-quark. If there is attraction the distribution will peak at θ=0

  19. Diquark distribution ``Good´´ diquark peaks at θ=0

  20. Pentaquarks? SPring-8 : γ12C Κ+ Κ- n CLAS at Jlab: γD K+ K- pn High statistics confirmed the peak

  21. Summary of experimental results Negative results Positive results A. Dzierba et al., hep-ex/0412077 P=pentaquark state (Θs,Ξ,Θc)

  22. s* s* Time evolution u d u d u d u d Initial state with the quantum numbers of Θ+at time t=0 Θ at a later time t>0 Pentaquark mass C(t) ~w1exp(-mKN t)+w2exp(-mΘ t)+… Correlator: C(t) ~exp(-mΘ t) mass of Θ mΘ-mKN~100 MeV

  23. Karliner and Lipkin, PLB575, 249 (2003) : Diquark-triquark structure Antisymmetric color 3c, spin, s=0 and flavor 3f JP=1/2+ u d u d L=1 L=0 s s -1/2 u d L=1 Diquark is 3f and triquark in 6f u d Θ+in the antidecuplet Hyperfine interaction short range  acts only within the clusters Models Jaffe and Wilczek PRL 91 232003 (2003): Diquark formation JP=1/2+

  24. Motivated by KN strucutre: Diquark structure N K Modified NK Both local and smeared quark fields were considered : Interpolating fields for pentaquarks What is a good initial |φ> for Θ+? All lattice groups have used one or some combinations of the following isoscalar interpolating fields: • Motivated by the diquark structure: Results should be independent of the interpolating field if it has reasonable overlap with our state

  25. Does lattice QCD support a Θ+? Objective for lattice calculations: to determine whether quenched QCD supports a five quark resonance state and if it does to predict its parity. • Method used: • Identify the two lowest states and check for volume dependence of their energy

  26. Energy spectrum Lüscher NPB364 (1991) The energy spectrum of a KN scattering state on the lattice is given by where , kx,y,z=0,1,2,.. assuming periodic b.c. or , n=0,1,2,.. depends on the spatial size of the lattice for non-zero value of k whereas for a resonance state the mass should be independent of the volume Therefore by studying the energy spectrum as function of the spatial volume one can check if the measured energy corresponds to a scattering state The spectral decomposition of the correlator is given by • If |n> is a KN scattering state well below resonance energy then wn~ L-3 because of the normalization of the two plane waves • For a resonance state wn~1 •  off-resonance states are suppressed relative to states around the resonance mass

  27. Scattering states The two lowest KN scattering states with non-zero momentum n=1 n=2 E (GeV) Θ+ Contributes only in negative parity channel S-wave KN Correlator: If mixing is small w1~L-3  suppressed for large L Dominates if w2>>w1 and (mΘ-mKN) t <1  t<10 GeV-1 assuming energy gap~100MeV or t/a<20

  28. Does lattice QCD support a Θ+? Objective for lattice calculations: to determine whether quenched QCD supports a five quark resonance state and if it does to predict its parity. • Method used: • Identify the two lowest states and check for volume dependence of their mass • Extract the weights and check their scaling with the spatial volume

  29. Volume dependence of spectral weights • Works for our test two-pion system provided: • Accurate data • Fit within a large time window especially for large spatial volumes to extract the correct amplitude Cross check needed Small upper fit range

  30. Alexandrou & Tsapalis (2.9 fm) Lasscock et al. (2.6 fm) Mathur et al. (3.2 fm) Mathur et al. (2.4 fm) Csikor et al. (1.9 fm) Sasaki (2.2 fm) Ishii et al. (2.15 fm) Identifying the Θ+ on the Lattice There is agreement among lattice groups on the raw data but the interpretation differs depending on the criterion used Negative parity From Lassock et al. hep-lat/0503008 All lattice computations done in the quenched theory

  31. hep-lat/0503012 JKN and Jdiquark fields are used with non-trivial spatial structure on lattices of size ~2. and 2.4 fm Negative parity Positive parity 203x36, β=6 n=2 n=1 n=1 Θ+ KN scattering states L=0 Review of lattice results All lattice computations aredone in the quenched theory using Wilson, domain wall or overlap fermions and a number of different actions. All groups but one agree that if the pentaquark exists it has negative parity. Here I will only show results for I=0. • Measure the energies Csikor et al. JHEP 0311 (2003) Results based on J’KN with a check done using the correlation matrix with J’KN and JKN. In the negative parity channel,S-wave KN scattering state is identified as the lowest state and the next higher in energy as the Θ+.

  32. S. Sasaki, PRL 93 (2004) Used Jdiquark and fitted to “first” plateau to extract the Θ+ mass on a lattice of size ~2.2 fm (323x48 β=6.2) with mπ=0.6-1 GeV mπ~750 MeV Negative parity Positive parity E x 2.9 GeV Θ+ Θ+ E1KN E0KN Double plateau structure is not observed in other similar calculations

  33. Negative parity ratio of weights Expected for a scattering state mπ(GeV) Scaling of weights Mathur et al. PRD 70 (2004) Interpolating field JNK for quark masses giving pion mass in the range 1290 to 180 MeV and lattices of size ~2.4 and 3.2 fm. The weights were found to scale with the spatial volume.

  34. mK+mN mK+mN mK+mN mK+mN Pentaquarks Perform a similar analysis as in the two-pion system using Jdiqaurk and JKN Takahashi et al., Pentaquark04 and hep-lat/0503019 :JKN and J’KN on spatial lattice size ~1.4, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.7 with a larger number of configurations

  35. Ratio WL1/WL2 ~1 for ti/a up to 26 which is the range available on the small lattices Different from two pion system  can not exclude a resonance Spectral weights for pentaquark C.A. and A. Tsapalis, Lattice 2005

  36. Does lattice QCD support a Θ+? Objective for lattice calculations: to determine whether quenched QCD supports a five quark resonance state and if it does to predict its parity. • Method used: • Identify the two lowest states and check for volume dependence of their mass • Extract the weights and check their scaling with the spatial volume • Change from periodic to antiperiodic boundary condition in the spatial directions and check if the mass in the negative parity channel changes • Check whether the binding increases with the quark mass

  37. Hybrid boundary conditions Ishii et al., PRD 71 (2005) Use antiperiodic boundary conditions for the light quarks and periodic for the strange quark: Θ+is unaffected since it has even number of light quarks N has three light quarks and K one  smallest allowed momentum for each quark is π/L and therefore the lowest KN scattering state is shifted to larger energy Negative parity 3.0 κ=0.121 Spatial size~2.2 fm κ=0.122 κ=0.123 E (GeV) 2.5 κ=0.124 Strange quark mass 2.0 Standard BC Hybrid BC

  38. Binding Lasscocket al., hep-lat/0503008 Interpolating fields JKN, J’KN, Jdiquark on a lattice size~2.6 fm. Although a 2x2 correlation matrix was considered the results for I=0 were extracted from a single interpolating field Negative parity Mass difference between the pentaquark and the S-wave KN Mass difference between the pentaquark and the P-wave KN Mass difference between Δ(1232) and the P-wave Nπ Positive parity hep-lat/0504015: maybe a 3/2+ isoscalar pentaquark?

  39. Positive parity Θ+ Chiu and Hsieh, hep-ph/0403020 Domain wall fermions Lattice size 1.8 fm The lowest state extracted from an 3x3 correlation matrix 1.554 +/- 0.15 GeV KN

  40. Holland and Juge, hep-lat/0504007 Fixed point action and Dirac operator, 2x2 correlation matrix analysis using JKN and J’KN on a lattice of size ~1.8 fm, mπ=0.550-1.390 GeV Energies of the two lowest states are consistent with the energy of the two lowest KN scattering states

  41. Summary of lattice computations

  42. Conclusions • State-of-the-art Lattice QCD calculations enable us to obtain with good accuracy observables of direct relevance to experiment • A valuable method for understanding hadronic phenomena • Diquark dynamics • Studies of exotics and two-body decays • Computer technology will deliver 10´s of Teraflop/s in the next five years and together with algorithmic developments will make realistic lattice simulations feasible • Provide dynamical gauge configurations in the chiral regime • Enable the accurate evaluation of more involved matrix elements

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