Chapter 10 The Texas Revolution February-May 1836

1. Chapter 10The Texas RevolutionFebruary-May 1836 Essential Questions Did the change in the government of Mexico justify the rebellion of the Texans? Were the Texans justified in declaring independence from Mexico? Was the Texas Revolution inevitable?

2. Section 1The Battle of the Alamo After the Texans’ victory at San Antonio, Santa Anna led his army into Texas. He fought the Texas defenders at the Alamo in the most famous battle in Texas History

3. Vocabulary • Fortify: to make stronger with military defense • Garrison: troops stationed at a military post • Bombard: to attack often with artillery

4. William Barrett Travis Jim Bowie http://www.travispark.org/clientimages/42710/williambtravis.jpg http://jayssouth.com/texas/alamo/bowie.jpg James Fannin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fannin

5. Sam Houston The Alamo http://theundergroundconservative.wordpress.com/2011/03/06/remember-the-alamo/ http://libraries.risd.org/ljhlib/myimages/houston.jpg James Neill Santa Anna http://www.realmagick.com/james-c-neill-texas-revolution/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna

6. Remember the Alamo • In December 1835, most Texans thought the centralist threat to Texas had ended • After Battle of San Antonio, Burleson turned over command of forces to Francis Johnson • After Johnson left to go to Matamoros, Colonel James Clinton Neill took over in San Antonio • Colonel James Walker Fannin commanded troops at Goliad • After Cos retreated, no Mexican troops remained in Texas

7. Remember the Alamo, con’t • Santa Anna was furious when Tenorio was forced to leave Anahuac and Cos was forced to leave San Antonio • When Cos was leaving Texas, Santa Anna started north with his army • Felt a driving need to regain control of Texas and get rid of rebels in Texas who defied him

8. Remember the Alamo, con’t • The Texans didn’t know that Santa Anna was bringing his army to Texas in December…they thought he would wait till spring to attack • As a result, the Texas forces were unorganized and scattered…not prepared for battle at all • Result: loss of life and loss of battle at Alamo

9. Remember the Alamo, con’t • The Battle of the Alamo • Most famous battle in Texas history • Subject of many books and movies http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/250px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/battle-alamo.htm

10. Movement of the Mexican Troops • 2 main roads led into Texas from Mexico • The Atascosito Road • Entered Texas at Matamoros and continued north through Goliad and Victoria • Passed close to Houston and continued on to Louisiana border • James Fannin’s men met up at La Bahia in Goliad and defended Atascosito Road

11. Movement of Mexican Troops, con’t • 2 Main Roads, con’t • The Old San Antonio Road (El Camino Real) • Entered Texas at Eagle Pass and continued northeast to San Antonio and then on to Nacogdoches • James Neill’s men guarded route through San Antonio

12. BATTLES OF THE TEXAS REVOLUTION FEBRUARY through APRIL, 1836

13. Movement of Mex Troops, con’t • Santa Anna sent his troops to Texas • January 1836 sent General Jose Urrea up the Atascosito Road • Santa Anna and his remaining troops up the El Camino Real • (Texan) Colonel Neill realized that the El Camino Real Road and San Antonio needed more protection • Strengthened walls of Alamo (with help of engineer Green B. Jamison) and turned old mission into a fort • Texans fortified Alamo with 21 cannons

14. Wanted: Volunteers to Fight • Colonel Neill knew he didn’t have enough men to defend the Alamo • Most of the Army of the People had returned home by this time • Other men went with Dr. James Grant and Colonel Francis Johnson to Matamoros to reclaim land that had been taken from him by Santa Anna’s government • After all of these people left, there were only 30 or so men left

15. Wanted: Volunteers to Fight, con’t • Sam Houston (who was commander of all Texas troops) sent James Bowie and his men to destroy the Alamo because he thought Alamo was impossible to defend • But, Bowie and Neill didn’t want to destroy the Alamo but wanted to stay and fight • Bowie agreed to serve under Neill • Bowie’s men were considered rebels and not regular soldiers in Texas army • Provisional Texas Governor Henry Smithasked William Barrett Travis to recruit 100 men to get them to fight at the Alamo

16. Wanted: Volunteers to Fight, con’t • Travis was only able to recruit 29 men …they all arrived at the Alamo on February 3, 1836 • Davy Crockett (former volunteer colonel and member of Congress from Tennessee) arrived with about 12 men on February 8, 1836… they were willing to fight for Texas (Read pages 220-221 The Life of Davy Crockett Himself) • Middle of February: Neill had to leave San Antonio and return to Bastrop due to a family emergency • He put Travis (26 years old) in charge of Alamo • Travis was a colonel in Texas army http://sunnytennessee.wordpress.com/2010/05/11/davy-crockett-debunking-the-myths/

17. Wanted: Volunteers to Fight, con’t • Jim Bowie and his men were not happy… Bowie was older and a more experienced fighter (but he wasn’t an officer) • They wanted an election of officers • Volunteer soldiers wanted Bowie as commander • Regular soldiers wanted Travis as commander • But both agreed to form a joint command • 2 weeks later, Bowie got very sick (typhoid pneumonia) and turned command of Alamo over to Travis

18. Wanted: Volunteers to Fight, con’t • Travis tried to recruit more volunteers to fight • Juan Seguin and James Bonham took letters to Goliad, Gonzales, etc to ask for help • James Fannin didn’t want to abandon his post at Goliad to join troops at Alamo • By the time he changed his mind to help, it was too late • February 23, 1836: Santa Anna’s troops arrived in San Antonio • Began a 13 day siege of the Alamo • Travis was getting desperate for help…sent scout John William Smith out with a letter to Gonzales begging for help

19. Travis’ Letter “Victory or Death” Page 217 Considered most heroic document in Texas History

20. Commandancy of the Alamo BejarFby. 24th 1836 To the People of Texas & all Americans in the world - Fellow citizens & compatriots- I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna - I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man - The enemy has demanded a Surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken. I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the wall - I shall never Surrender or retreat Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch - The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country. Victory or DeathWilliam Barret Travis Lt. Col. Comdt P. S. The lord is on our side- When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn -We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels & got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis

21. Cannon Chapel Cattle Pens Old Convent Courtyard Entrance Entrenchmentand Earthworks Picket Fence Long Barracks (Two stories) Old MissionPlaza MainGateway Break in Wall SouthBarracks Mission Square Stone Rooms Built Against Wall Protected Portico

22. Fall of the Alamo • Why did Santa Anna attack the Alamo? • The small garrison at the Alamo was not a threat to Santa Anna • Most experts think that Santa Anna attacked the Alamo for political instead of military reasons • Santa Anna wanted to completely get rid of any Anglo American and Tejano rebels in Texas • Santa Anna didn’t want to look weak

23. Fall of the Alamo, con’t • For 13 days, Mexican cannonballs bombarded the Alamo while Mexican troops prepared for battle • By March 5, 1836 about 1800 Mexican troops surrounded the Alamo • To warn the Texans of their fate, Santa Anna raised a blood-red flag…symbol of No Mercy • Battle began on March 6, 1836 …Mexican buglers played “Deguello”—tune played to start an attack

24. Deguello http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKD5TgHWyxM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSOwWDEtkh0

25. Fall of the Alamo, con’t • The battle started between 5:00- 6:30 am • Travis was awakened and raced up the north wall of the Alamo; he was one of the first to die • Texans fired cannons at advancing wall of Mexican soldiers • So many Mexicans allowed them to reach the Alamo walls and go up ladders and get inside • Fighting continued inside the walls • Bowie was killed on his deathbed…some historians think he fought even on his deathbed • The battle lasted 90 minutes • The battle was over by 8:00 am • All 189 Texans were killed • About 600 Mexicans were killed

26. Casualties and Survivors • No one knows exactly how many casualties there were for either side…numbers are an estimate • Most people thought that Davy Crockett was killed in battle but a man named Jose Enrique de la Pena wrote in his diary that Crockett and 6 others attempted to surrender but Santa Anna had them executed

27. Casualties and Survivors, con’t • 9 Tejanos defended the Alamo • Santa Anna let the Texas women and children and a slave go (to Gonzales) • Famous survivors: Susanna Dickinson (husband was Almeron Dickinson who was in charge of artillery), • their 15 month old daughter (Angelina) • Travis’ slave, Joe,

28. Casualties and Survivors, con’t • These survivors told others about the destruction and horror they witnessed • Their message: Santa Anna is coming to drive the Texans out of Texas • Where was Sam Houston during the battle? • At the Convention of 1836 in Washington-on-the-Brazos • Not with the army at all

29. Battle of the Alamo Links • http://www.thealamo.org/battle/battle.php • http://www.lsjunction.com/events/alamo.htm • https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/republic/alamo-01.html • http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/battle-alamo.htm • http://www.lnstar.com/mall/texasinfo/alamo-battle.htm • http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qea02

30. Links, con’t • http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/monuments/alamo/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)

31. Section 2The Battle of San Jacinto The Texas Revolution intensified after the Battle of the Alamo. Mexican and Texan troops continued to clash as Santa Anna marched across Texas. The final battle occurred at San Jacinto, where Sam Houston and Santa Anna faced off.

32. Vocabulary • Reconnaissance: survey made to gather information about an enemy • Skirmish: small fight • Cavalry: soldiers on horseback

33. General Urrea Marches North • While and before Battle of Alamo was going on, so were some other battles • Battle of Patricio (Won by Mexico) • Mexican General Urrea took Atascocito Road and battled 50 Texans under command of Colonel Francis Johnson….only Johnson and 4 men got away; also battled with 50 Texans led by Dr. James Grant…only 6 Texans survived

34. General Urrea Marches North, con’t • Battles, con’t • Battle of Refugio (Mexico won) • Urrea’s army continued toward Goliad (where Fannin commanded about 300 men) • Fannin sent Captain Amon B. King and 30 men to Refugio, TX to help get civilians to safety • Urrea’s men arrived at Refugio while King’s men were there • Fannin sent 100 men with Colonel William Ward to help King at Refugio • When King got there, they went on a reconnaissance mission but Urrea found them and they were killed • Ward’s troops were then sent to Goliad

35. General Urrea Marches North, con’t • Battles, con’t • Battle of Coleto Creek (Mexico won) • With Urrea so close, Fannin couldn’t get away to help at San Antonio…even if he could have made it, it was too late • Then on March 14 General Sam Houston told Fannin to retreat to Victoria (Houston wanted all troops in one place) • Fannin stayed in Goliad though until he heard about Ward • Finally, he left to go to Goliad…he stopped for a rest a few miles from Goliad near Coleto Creek • Urrea’s men quickly surrounded Fannin and his men

36. General Urrea Marches North, con’t • Battles, con’t • Battle of Coleto Creek, con’t • Fannin’s men were outnumbered by Urrea’s men • Fighting lasted several days • Fannin was wounded • Fannin finally surrendered on March 20 and he and his men were taken prisoner by Mexican Army

37. Remember Goliad • Fannin and his men thought they would be either sent back to the US or at least not be killed • But, Santa Anna ordered them all to be shot • Fannin and his men were marched back to Goliad • After a week, they were divided into 3 columns and shot • A few escaped but everyone else, including Fannin, were executed • Fannin has a town named after him

38. BATTLES OF THE TEXAS REVOLUTIONFEBRUARY–APRIL, 1836

39. Sam Houston Assumes Command • Sam Houston had been named commander of Texas armies by the first Consultation • He got frustrated when people like Fannin didn’t obey orders…he quit and left Washington-on-the Brazos and went back to East Texas • Sam Houston signed a peace treaty with the Cherokees so the Texans wouldn’t have to fight the Indians and Mexicans at the same time

40. Sam Houston Assumes Command, con’t • Sam Houston was named Commander again when Second Consultation took place in March, 1836 • Went to Gonzales on March 11 and found 374 men who wanted to join the defenders of the Alamo • No one knew what had already happened at the Alamo, so he stayed with the men in Gonzales

41. Sam Houston Assumes Command, con’t • Houston sent Erastus “Deaf” Smith on a scouting expedition…he returned to Gonzales with Susanna Dickinson, her daughter, and Joe (Travis’ servant) • They told Houston what had happened at the Alamo • Texan troops wanted revenge but Houston knew his men weren’t prepared to fight Susanna Dickinson http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/images/sdickinson.jpg

42. Sam Houston Assumes Command, con’t • He and his men left Gonzales and traveled east • He briefly stopped at Colorado River and then at the Brazos River • Went to plantation of Jared Groce and camped there for a couple of weeks and trained for battle

43. Runaway Scrape • When families of Gonzales learned what had happened at Alamo and at Goliad and that Houston had left Gonzales, they panicked and left also • Some fled to Louisiana; some fled to Nacogdoches and Galveston • Because so many people left the area, it became known as the Runaway Scrape

44. Runaway Scrape, con’t • People left so quickly that they were not really prepared to travel • Used any means of transportation • Conditions were bad: disease, bad weather, not enough food…many died while traveling and were just buried where they died • The Runaway Scape continued until the victory of the Battle of San Jacinto • Dilue Rose Harris • 10 year old little girl whose family left their home and joined the Runaway Scrape • See Texas Voices page 225

45. Santa Anna Closes In • After Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna and his troops regrouped and went in search of any other rebel Texas forces • His group split up • one group went toward Nacogdoches under command of General Antonio Gaona • Santa Anna stayed with the other group and rode toward Gonzales (where Sam Houston’s army was)

46. Santa Anna Closes In, con’t • Santa Anna eventually ordered Gaona’s group to join him • Mexican army was running low on supplies and wasn’t able to get more • Sam Houston had been burning houses and fields along the way to Gonzales…so Mexicans couldn’t steal food, etc • By April, 1836, the Mexican army was very low on food and ammunition

47. Battle of San Jacinto • No one really seems to know how exactly Sam Houston’s arrived at the Battle of San Jacinto • April 20: skirmish took developed between Mexican army and Texas cavalry • Major battle took place on April 21, 1836 • Houston had about 800 men • Santa Anna had about 1300 soldiers

48. Battle of San Jacinto, con’t • Houston ordered Deaf Smith to burn a bridge (Vince’s Bridge) to keep Mexican army from retreating • The Battle—April 21, 1836 • 3:00 pm Mexican army was resting (they thought big battle would occur the next day) • Houston arranged his men on the field and they marched to a drummer and 3 fifers playing “Will You Come to the Bower?”

49. Battle of San Jacinto, con’t • The Battle, con’t • Texans attacked right side (flank) of Mexican army first…pushing the Mexicans back into each other…while they were attacking, they were shouting • Remember the Alamo! • Remember Goliad! • Mexicans were unprepared for the fight…much confusion • Battle only lasted 18 minutes—Texans won

50. Battle of San Jacinto, con’t • The Battle, con’t • Even after battle was over, Texans continued to capture escaping Mexicans…till too dark to see • Texans • 2 died • 30 wounded (7 died later) • Sam Houston was wounded in the leg • Mexicans • 630 killed • 730 captured