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13. Gynecology and Obstetrics. Learning Objectives. Identify the structures of the female genital and reproductive system. Describe the processes of oogenesis, menstruation, conception, and labor and delivery. Describe normal and abnormal findings in the neonate. Learning Objectives.
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13 Gynecology and Obstetrics
Learning Objectives • Identify the structures of the female genital and reproductive system. • Describe the processes of oogenesis, menstruation, conception, and labor and delivery. • Describe normal and abnormal findings in the neonate.
Learning Objectives • Describe common female genital and reproductive diseases and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories. • Give the medical meaning of word parts related to the female genital and reproductive system.
Learning Objectives • Build female genital and reproductive words from word parts and divide and define words. • Spell and pronounce female genital and reproductive words. • Analyze the medical content and meaning of a gynecology report.
Learning Objectives • Dive deeper into gynecology and obstetrics by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at Medical Terminology Interactive.
Multimedia Directory Slide 16 Female Reproductive System Animation Slide 49 Childbirth and Delivery Video - First Stage Slide 50 Childbirth and Delivery Video – Transition Slide 51 Childbirth and Delivery Video – Second Stage Slide 52 Childbirth and Delivery Video – Vacuum Extraction Slide 53 Infant Apgar Scoring Video Slide 54 Placenta Delivery Video Slide 55 C-Section Delivery Video Slide 100 Breast Cancer Video Slide 112 Preeclampsia Video Slide 184 Midwife Careers Video Slide 185 Midwife and Education Video
Multimedia Directory Slide 186 Midwife On-Call Video Slide 187 Ethical Situations as a Midwife Video
Gynecology The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the female genital system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat female genital diseases.
Obstetrics The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to monitor normal pregnancy and childbirth and treat diseases.
Anatomy and Physiology The female genital and reproductive system includes both internal and external genitalia or genital organs.
Anatomy and Physiology Internal Genitalia Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina
Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d) External Genitalia Area of the vulva includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal introitus
Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d) The breasts or mammary glands also play a role in the female reproductive system. The female genital and reproductive system together with the urinary system is known as the genitourinary (GU) system or urogenital system.
Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d) The function of the female genital and reproductive system is to display the female secondary sexual characteristics, produce ova (eggs), and, when appropriate, conceive and bear children.
Female Reproductive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the female reproductive system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System Ovaries Small egg-shaped glands about 2 inches in length that are near the end of a uterine tube Gonads or sex glands in a female
Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d) Ovaries (cont’d) Function as part of the female genital and reproductive system and the endocrine system Contain follicles that rupture and release ova (eggs) during the menstrual cycle Secrete hormones estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone that affect puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy
Uterine Tubes About 5 inches in length Held in place by the broad ligament Function is to transport an ovum from the ovary to the uterus Also known as oviducts or fallopian tubes Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Uterus An inverted pear-shaped organ about 3 inches in length Held in place by the broad ligament, the round ligaments at the top of the uterus, and the uterosacral ligaments Fundus is the rounded top of the uterus The corpus, or body, of the uterus is its widest part Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Uterus (cont’d) The body narrows and becomes the cervix (neck of the uterus). Within the uterus is the hollow intrauterine cavity, which narrows into the cervical canal. The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Vagina A short, tubelike structure about 3 inches in length The fornix is the area of the vaginal canal that is behind and around the cervix. Covering the inferior end of the vaginal canal is the hymen, although it is sometimes absent Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Vagina (cont’d) The vaginal introitus is the opening to the outside of the body. During menstruation, it transports the shed endometrium to the outside of the body. It holds the penis during sexual intercourse. It is the part of the birth canal that takes the baby to the outside of the mother’s body. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
External Genitalia Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Vaginal introitus Glands that produce lubricating secretions The vulva includes all of these structures as well as the urethral meatus and the mons pubis. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Breasts Composed of adipose (fatty) tissue and glands, the breasts (or mammary glands) are a part of the integumentary system. Because of their function, they are also a part of the female reproductive system. They develop at puberty. They contain lactiferous lobules that produce milk to nourish the newborn after birth. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: The anterior pituitary gland begins to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulate the ovaries at the onset of puberty.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: FSH stimulates a follicle in the ovary to enlarge and produce a mature ovum and secrete estradiol, which causes the development of female sexual characteristics.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: LH stimulates a single follicle each month to rupture and release its mature ovum. LH stimulates the ruptured follicle (corpus luteum) to secrete estradiol and progesterone.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) The Menstrual Cycle With the onset of puberty, the female begins to ovulate and menstruate. Menarche is the beginning of menstruation, which occurs with the first menstrual period, or menses.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) The Menstrual Cycle (cont’d) Menstrual phase Days 1-6 Proliferative phase Days 7-13 Ovulation Day 14 Secretory phase Days 15-26 Ischemic phase Days 27-28
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception Spermatozoa reach the ovum 24 to 48 hours after sexual intercourse. Chemicals secreted by the ovum attract the spermatozoa. Only one spermatozoa penetrates the ovum; this is the moment of fertilization, or conception.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) The resulting cell has 46 chromosomes and is known as a zygote. Pregnancy begins at the moment of conception.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) A zygote immediately begins to divide as it moves through the fallopian tube. The inner mass of cells of the zygote becomes the amnion and the embryo. The developing embryo floats in and is cushioned by the amniotic fluid.
Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) After 4 days of development, the zygote is known as an embryo. After 8 weeks, it is known as a fetus. Gestation is from the moment of conception to the moment of birth, approximately 38 to 42 weeks.
Figure 13-9 An ovum and spermatozoa D. Philips / Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 13-10 A fetus at 9 weeks’ gestation Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag
Physiology of Labor and Delivery The process of labor and childbirth is known as parturition; it is divided into three stages. First stage of labor―Cervical dilation, effacement, rupture of membranes Second stage of labor―Crowning occurs, the baby is delivered, and the umbilical cord is clamped and cut Third stage of labor―Delivery of placenta, suturing of the episiotomy if one was performed
Childbirth and Delivery Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of first-stage labor. The video may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
Childbirth and Delivery Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of transition in labor. The video may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory