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Meteorology: Part 1

Meteorology: Part 1. Earth Science Golodolinski/Black 2009. Meteorology Vocabulary. Meterology The study of the Earth’s atmospheric changes Weather Meteorologist A scientist who studies weather. Weather. Weather Short term condition of the atmosphere

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Meteorology: Part 1

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  1. Meteorology:Part 1 Earth Science Golodolinski/Black 2009

  2. Meteorology Vocabulary • Meterology • The study of the Earth’s atmospheric changes • Weather • Meteorologist • A scientist who studies weather

  3. Weather • Weather • Short term condition of the atmosphere • Can change very quickly, within days, hours, or minutes • Weather is constantly changing, and it refers to the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. Climate, however, is based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years. Climate helps describe a place or region.

  4. Major component is air. Air is a mixture of different gases and particles, each with its own physical properties. Volume of clean, dry air Other components include: water vapor, ozone, Composition of Atmosphere

  5. Meteorology Vocabulary (continued) • Atmosphere • The shell of gases surrounding Earth • Divided into layers based on temperature changes with altitude • The 4 atmosphere layers are: • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Each layer is seperated by a “-pause” • In ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14

  6. Thermal Structure of Atmosphere

  7. ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14

  8. Part 1: Energy in Earth’s System • Internal Energy • Inside the Earth • Causes • Radioactive decay • Heat left over from the forming of Earth

  9. Part 1: Energy in Earth’s System • External Energy • Solar energy from the Sun • Effected by • Position of the sun is in the sky • The amount of solar energy absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere • How long the sun is above the horizon • Insolation • Incoming solar radiation

  10. ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14 **Questions #1-4 p. 167**

  11. ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14 **Answers #1-4 p. 167** *Questions #1-16 p. 168-9

  12. How Energy Reaches Earth • Radiation • Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves • Can travel through empty spaces in all directions • Most of the Sun’s energy that reaches Earth’s surface is in the visible light range on the Electromagnetic spectrum. • The sun emits light and heat as well as the ultraviolet rays that cause a suntan. These forms of energy are only part of a large array of energy emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic spectrum.

  13. Radiation • All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy. • Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit area than colder objects do. • The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation. • Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well.

  14. What happens to solar radiation? • When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results. • Some energy is absorbed by the object. • Substances such as water and air are transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation. • Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.

  15. Solar Radiation

  16. How Energy Reaches Earth • Electromagnetic Spectrum • The classification of radiation based on wavelength, frequency, and amplitude • ESRT p.14

  17. Electromagnetic Spectrum

  18. Visible Light Consists of an Array of Colors

  19. ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14 Questions #1-7 p. 170

  20. ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14 Questions #1-7 p. 170

  21. ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14 Answers #1-7 p. 170

  22. ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14 Answers #1-7 p. 170 Questions #1-6 p. 170-1

  23. How Energy Reaches Earth • Angle of Insolation • The altitude of the sun over the horizon, measured in degrees • Highest altitude is 90° (directly overhead) • Changes depending on 3 things: time of day, latitude, season

  24. Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things: • Time of day • Sunrise • Sun is lowest in the sky- cooler temperatures • Solar noon • Sun is highest in the sky- warmer temperatures • Sunset • Sun is low in the sky- cooler temperatures

  25. Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things: 2. Latitude • The lower the latitutde- the higher the angle of insolation • Equator= 0°; altitude of sun is high all year, warm temperatures • Poles= 90° (North and South); altitude of sun is low all year, colder temperatures

  26. Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things: 3. Season Seasonal changes occur because Earth’s position relative to the sun continually changes as it travels along its orbit. In the northern hemisphere: • Sun is highest in the sky in June: • Warm temperatures • Summer • The summer solstice is on June 21; the “official” first day of summer. • Sun is lowest in the sky in December: • Cooler temperatures • Winter • Thewinter solstice is on December 21; is the “official” first day of winter.

  27. Solstice

  28. How Energy Reaches Earth • Duration of Insolation • The length of time the sun is over the horizon • Depends on latitude and time of year • At the equator (0°): 12 hour days all year long- no seasons • As the latitude increases… • Summer= Longer days- warmer temperatures • Winter= Shorter days- cooler temperatures Questions #1-3 p. 173

  29. Atmospheric Transparency

  30. Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation • Light vs. Dark

  31. Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation • Rough vs. Smooth

  32. Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation • Land vs. Water • Land heats up faster than water because water has a higher specific heat • Land cools down faster than water, because water has a higher specific heat • In the winter, the lake may not freeze • In the spring, part of the lake may still be frozen even though the temperatures are warm

  33. Land vs. Water

  34. Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation • Specific Heat • The amount of heat (calories) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance one degree Celsius. • ESRT p. 1 • The higher the specific heat, the more heat energy it requires to raise the temperature of the material • The lower the specific heat, the faster it heats up

  35. ESRT: Specific Heat p.1

  36. ESRT: Specific Heat p.1Questions a-e p. 175

  37. ESRT: Specific Heat p.1Answers a-e p. 175

  38. Atmospheric Transparency • A good absorber of electromagnetic energy is a good radiator of electromagnetic energy. If a material heats up quickly, it will also cool down quickly. Questions #1-5 p. 176

  39. Terrestrial Radiation • Terrestrial Radiation • Radiation from Earth’s Surface • Infrared • Long wave radiation emitted from Earth’s surface and other terrestrial objects

  40. Terrestrial Radiation

  41. Terrestrial Radiation • Greenhouse effect • Occurs as long wave radiation (infrared) is trapped within Earth’s Atmosphere • Greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide and waver vapor, absorb the long wave radiation • Traps in heat which causes Earth’s surface temperatures to increase • About 50 percent of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth’s surface and is absorbed. Questions #1-9 p. 177-8

  42. Terrestrial Radiation • Conduction • Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule • Most effective in solids, but can occur in gasses or solids • Example • Metal bar

  43. Terrestrial Radiation • Convection • Energy transfer caused by the differences in density • Occurs in fluids (liquid or gasses) • Most dominant heat transfer in Earth’s Atmosphere • Warm air rises, cool air sinks Questions #1-4 p. 179; Section Review Questions #1-16 p. 180-2

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