Westward Movement

1. Westward Movement Frontier Life Further West Mountain Men Urban Growth Instant Cities Basic Conditions In The Cities B/W 1800-1860

2. Importing People Main Groups Irish Why Did They Come?? Main Areas They Settled?? Why Would Native born Americans Distrust Irish???

3. More Come Germans Why Did They Come?? Main Areas They Settled??

4. Antiforeignism Fear & Hatred of Foreigners….Why? List Reasons Secret Societies Form Political Part

5. Improvements In Transportation Turnpikes Opposition To Roads “Canal Age” What’s The Largest Canal Built In U.S.?? Effects of Canal Boom Steamboat

6. “Keep Truckin!!” R&R Clipper Ships Effects b/w 1820’s & 1830’s Effects by the 1850’s

7. Mass Communication Telegraph Pony Express

8. Manufacturing & Trade In The North What Country Did Industrial Revolution Begin?? Reasons Why It Was Slow To Come To U.S. Cheap Land Little Capital Untapped natural resources No large markets Cheap British goods The Man Who Brings It Here?? Samuel Slater How was Eli Whitney A Contributor To Mass Production??

9. American Industrial Revolution Begins Francis Cabot Lowell “Waltham” or “Lowell” System “Factory Girls” Work Force For Factory Work B/W 1820s & 1830s Increased b/c of agricultural production Consisted mainly of rural families in search of jobs Unskilled workers

10. Industrial Revolution “Cult of Domesticity” Women Get Married….Big Switch Urban American Families See Great Changes b/w 1800 & 1860….What?? Declining birth rate Children leave home to find work More income earners work outside the home “Wage Slaves”

11. “The Peculiar Institution” Southerners claim their “system” is better Southerner’s View

12. Workers Attempt To Organize Due To The American Factory System Workers Formed What??? List the many obstacles to the Unions Success Immigrants Strength of Capitalists Outlawed Ethnic division Economic depressions What was the situation for women?? What was the situation for Irish Catholic workers?? What was the situation for African Americans?? What Court Case Helped The Labor Unions?? Commonwealth v. Hunt

13. Western Farmers Reap A Revolution In The Fields Farming Improvements Steel Plow Mechanical Grain Reaper Creating A Continental Economy Each Region is Specialized in an Economic Activity a. South b. West c. East

14. Tell What Changes It Brought About Between 1820 & 1860 Economic Revolution Transformed America

15. The South’s Economy “King Cotton” Who’s the South’s Best Customer?? Planter “Aristocracy” Plantation Agriculture “The South grew, but did not develop” System is Wasteful & Unstable

16. The South’s Economy Why Did The South Fail To Develop A Large Industrial Economy?? Humid Climate Little Capital Cotton was profitable Cultural Values Reasons The Owner Could Go Under Resentment Builds Toward The North

17. White Society Was A “Social Pyramid” 1. Aristocracy 2. Small Farmer 3. Poor Whites “Plain Folk” 4. Mountain People

18. Slavery In The South A. Free African Americans B. Restrictions & Dangers 1. State Laws—Not equal to whites 2. Recapture 3. Reasons for remaining in the South

19. Free Blacks In The North What were Northerner’s Attitudes Toward Free Blacks?? How Did Slavery the “Peculiar Institution” increase in the first half of the 19th Century??????? What did they refer to the area with the greatest concentration of slaves in the South What States were they??

20. Slave’s Life Safety Is A Concern Conditions On The Plantations Sexual Exploitation Auctions Floggings

21. Slave Resistance Ways Slaves Resisted??? The “Sambo” stereotype??

22. Revolt Denmark Vesey Nat Turner Effect of Mistreatment on North?? Effects of Slave Codes On Slaves??

23. Arts & Architecture Hudson River School What did the paintings focus on??? Architecture Glorified who??

24. Authors Create A Distinctively American Literature Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper “Leatherstocking Tales” Included: Last of the Mohicans Walt Whitman Poet of American democracy Walt Whitman

25. More Authors Herman Melville Moby Dick Edgar Allan Poe -emphasized the theme of the significance of pain & horror Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlett Letter Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Song of Hiawatha

26. 1.The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

27. The Rise of Popular Religion In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832 R1-1

28. Reform Movement Began in 1800’s b/c of the desire for social stability & discipline in the face of all the changes taking place Reform impulse in U.S. includes the idea that man is essentially good & capable of positive change

29. Religious Revivals & Reform Movements 2nd Great Awakening 1790’s  1830’s…Religious revivals swept through the U.S. during early decades of 19th century. They were a reaction Against the rationalism (belief in human reason) that had Been the fashion during the Enlightenment & the American Revolution.

30. “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America

31. “The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846

32. The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

33. Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

34. Revivals Began in South and spread to cities of Northeast Spread into prison reform, temperance, women’s movement & abolishment of slavery Spread to Frontier by “camp meetings” Caused church membership to rise especially in Methodists & Baptists

35. Visiting Preachers Peter Cartwright Revivalism in New York Charles Grandison Finney Due to his influence N.Y. became known as the “burned-over-district” for its frequent hell and brimstone revivals Feminization of Religion Middle-class women Women became involved in the reform campaigns of the 1800’s b/c these activities provided 1. opportunity to escape the confines of home 2. entrance into the public arena 3. a way to improve the world in which they lived

36. Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion R1-2

37. Schism in the 2nd Great Awakening East: not touched by revivalism…Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, & Unitarians rose from these ranks South & West: Spread through “camp meetings”….Baptist Methodist became largest Protestant denominations

38. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • 1823  Golden Tablets • 1830 Book of Mormon • States They Traveled? • 1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL Joseph Smith(1805-1844)

39. Violence Against Mormons

40. The Mormon “Trek” Who Took Them Out West?

41. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • Deseret community. • Salt Lake City, Utah Brigham Young(1801-1877)

42. Let’s Shake It Up With Some Communal Living Shakers “Mother” Ann Lee Set up 20 communities in N.E. & N.W. Held property in common Women & men kept strictly separate Forbid marriage & sexual relations Commitment to complete celibacy Endorsed the idea of sexual equality

43. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers • If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness. • Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. • If you improve in one talent, God will give you more. R1-4

44. Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

45. Shaker Meeting

46. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

47. 2.Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” • “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

48. Transcendentalist Thinking • Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof: • The infinite benevolence of God. • The infinite benevolence of nature. • The divinity of man. • They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

49. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!! • Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

50. The Transcendentalists What do they believe?? All knowledge came through an inner light What the most important human strength? Reason Since man was good, in time the whole world w/d become perfect. Then, of course, there would be no need for gov’t They called for the use of emotion & intuition to go beyond the confines Of understanding 2 Famous Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau