Nanopharmacology and Nanomedicine

1. Nanopharmacologyand Nanomedicine Dr. Basavaraj K. NanjwadeM. Pharm., Ph. D. Director and Professor KLE College of Pharmacy, NIPANI-591 237, Karnataka, India. E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com Cell No: 0091 9742431000 Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

2. Nanotechnology map Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

3. Nanoscience • Nanoscale has different definitions in different scientific fields such as 1-100 nanometers in physics and chemistry, 0.1-100 nm in some early monograghs and 1-1000 nm in biomedicine literatures. • The bottom up assemble with atoms one by one • 100 nm (or below) particles at bone marrow, • 100-200 nm particles at reticular epithelial systems. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

4. Nanopharmacology • Nanopharmacology, a new branch of pharmacology is gradually emerging with the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine. • The interactions between traditional drugs and physiological systems at nanoscle level. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

5. Nanopharmacology Drug design and drug delivery to selected targets to improve pharmacodynamics and kinetic profiles toward safer and effective treatment is known as nanopharmacology. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

6. Categorized Nanopharmacology • Defining targets • Development of drugs and carrier systems • Studying target–drug interactions • Monitoring the target–drug interaction outcomes Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

7. Defining targets Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

8. Development of drugs and carrier systems Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

9. Studying target–drug interactions • Pharmacokinetic interactions • Absorption • Distribution • Biotransformation • Excretion • Pharmacodynamic interactions • Receptor interaction • Receptor sensitivity • Neurotransmitter release/Drug transportation • Electrolyte balance • Pharmaceutical interactions Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

10. Studying target–drug interactions Usually, the binding sites of macromolecules are more hydrophobic in nature than the surface, and so this enhances the effect of an ionic interaction. The drop off in ionic bonding strength with separation is less than in other intermolecular interactions, so if an ionic interaction is possible, it is likely to be the most important initial interaction as the drug enters the binding site. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

11. Quantitative systems pharmacology Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

12. Monitoring the target–drug interaction outcomes • Loss of therapeutic effect • Toxicity • Unexpected increase in pharmacological activity • Beneficial effects e.g additive & potentiating (intended) or antagonism (unintended). 5) Chemical or physical interaction e.g I.V incompatibility in fluid or syringes mixture Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

13. Nanopharmacology features • Using nanoscale tools, such as scanning probe microscopy. • Studying particulate drugs, especially the nanoparticulate drugs. • Studying the influences of the nanoparticulate properties of nano drug carriers on the therapeutic effects of drugs that they carry. • Nanopharmacology theories will provide instructions for the bottom up assemble of nanodrugs with atoms one by one. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

14. Nanopharmacology Target • Slow release nanopharmacology • Controlled release nanopharmacology • Bio barrier penetration nanopharmacology Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

15. Slow release nanopharmacology • The slow-release nanopharmacology studies the question on how to realize the slow release and the influences of slow release on the drug metabolisms and the therapeutic effects. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

16. Slow release nanopharmacology Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

17. Controlled release nanopharmacology • The controlled-release nanopharmacology studies how to realize the smart release of the drugs according to the therapeutic needs in the cellular and tissue microenvironments. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

18. Bio barrier penetration nanopharmacology • Bio-barrier-penetration nanopharmacology studies the capabilities of nanodrugs to passing through bio-barriers. • Blood-brain barrier • Air-blood barrier • To realize the treatment of some focal diseases where the traditional drugs can’t arrive because their incapability of penetrate biobarriers. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

19. Transport of molecules across the BBB Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

20. Air-blood barrier Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

21. The perfect drug! Reality • All drugs have side effects but new drugs aim to provide beneficial effects with minimal side effects How is this achieved? • Identify new molecules 2. Modify structure of know molecules • Test in biological tissue or whole body Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

22. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

23. Nanomedicine Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

24. Definition of Nanomedicine • Nanomedicine is the one of the most valuable  medical application of nanotechnology as the name specifies naomedicine involves the use of nano particles in the surgical and medical treatement of pateints. OR • We can say nanomedicine is the nanotechnology application which is used for engineering or binding molecular or atomic machines for the treatment of diseases in living organisms. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

25. Nanomedicine • Nanomedicine is nanotechnology used for the treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of biological systems • Nanomedicine includes the delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents using nanoparticles to cancer and other cells • Nanomedicine includes nanomaterial for bone, cartilage, vascular, bladder and neural applications Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

26. Background • Nanomedicine is the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. • Nanomedicine, including nanodiagnostics, nanotherapeutics, and the development of nanomedical devices. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

27. How nanomedicine works? • Nanomedicine works at a molecular or atomic  scale. • The most advanced form of nanomedicine uses the nanorobots and nanoinstruments as surgeons. • Nanomedicine repair damaged cells or get into the cells and replace or assist damaged intracellular structures at individual stage. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

28. Goals of Nanomedicine • End goal of nanomedicine is improved diagnostics, treatment and prevention of disease Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

29. Goals of Nanomedicine • Ultimate goal is to integrate detection, diagnostics, treatment and prevention of disease into a personalized single platform Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

30. Recent and future breakthroughs in medicine • Nanotechnology holds key to a number of recent and future breakthroughs in medicine Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

31. Cancer Treatments • Because of their small size, nanoparticles can pass through interstitial spaces between necrotic and quiescent cells. • Tumor cells typically have larger interstitial spaces than healthy cells • Particles collect in center bringing therapeutics to kill the tumor from inside out. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

32. Nanoparticles as Sensors and Therapeutics • Glutathione (GSH) provides a selective and tunable release mechanism • Once inside cells, fluorophores and drugs selectively dissociate Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

33. Nanoparticle Success • Both cationic and anionic particles penetrate and accumulate in tumors. • However, only cationic particles diffuse fully throughout the tumor. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

34. Types of contrast agents used for MRI Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

35. Contrast agents used for MRI Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

36. Advantages and applications • Diagnosis using nanomedicine • Nervous system tracking • Drugs dispersion • Artificial antibodies. • One of the biggest advantage of naonoemdicne is that it can transform common medical procedures into  faster one with 90 percent accuracy rate. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

37. Diagnosis using nanomedicine • Diagnostic nano-apparatus could be attached to keep check of the internal chemistry of the body. • Mobile nanorobots, with wireless transmitters, could easily circulate in the blood and lymph systems and send out alerts when chemical imbalances appear within the blood.   Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

38. Drugs and contrast agents Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

39. Detection of Cancer Breast Cancer Cells Healthy Cells • On the left, cancer cells fluorescence. • On the right, healthy cells show minimal fluorescence. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

40. Nervous system tracking • Nanomedicine has also helped doctors to better understand the phenomenal changes in the human nervous systems. • Fixed nanomachines could be inserted in the nervous system of the human body to monitor pulse rate, brain activity, and other important functions. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

41. Drugs dispersion • Live saving drugs are one of the important ingredients in the latest medicines but its unusual and excess usage could cause death. • Nanomedicine also has successful applications for the reduction of extra drugs from human body. • Implantation of nanomedicine devices could disperse drugs or hormones as required in people with chronic imbalance or deficiency states. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

42. Nanomedicine platform for targeted drug delivery Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

43. Artificial antibodies • Nanomedicine was the first to conceptualize the artificial red and white blood cells and later on it successfully showed the positive results. • Cancer patients are now treated by injecting artificial red blood cells to balance the human body blood level. • Artificial antibodies, white & red blood cells and antiviral nanorobots could be considered as successful applications of nanomedicine. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

44. Nanorobots • Imagine going to the doctor to get treatment for a persistent fever. • Instead of giving a pill or a shot, the doctor refers you to a special medical team which implants a tiny robot into your bloodstream. • The robot detects the cause of your fever, travels to the appropriate system and provides a dose of medication directly to the infected area. • To treat everything from hemophilia to cancer. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

45. Nanorobots • A viable nanorobot has to be small enough to navigate through the human circulatory system, an incredibly complex network of veins and arteries. • The nanorobot must also have the capacity to carry medication or miniature tools. Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

46. Nanorobot Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

47. Advantages of Nanoscale devices in Medicine • Devices smaller than 50 nm can easily enter most cells • Devices smaller than 20 nm can transit out of blood vessels • Devices are capable of holding thousands of small molecules • Contrast Agents • Drugs Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

48. Major Areas of Development of Nanomedicine • Prevention and control • Early detection • Imaging diagnostics • Multifunctional Therapeutics Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

49. Medicines research Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.

50. Thank Youe-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.comCell No: 0091 9742431000 Suvarna JNMC National Seminar, Belgaum.