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Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power

Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power. http://www.telegrapghindia.com. Rob Hillhouse Sara Lucas Rosemary Morrow. Pakistan. Mnemonic from names of Muslim-majority provinces in northwest areas in India Meaning: Creation of a land of the “pure”.

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Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power

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  1. Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power http://www.telegrapghindia.com Rob Hillhouse Sara Lucas Rosemary Morrow Austin 2006

  2. Pakistan • Mnemonic from names of Muslim-majority provinces in northwest areas in India • Meaning: Creation of a land of the “pure” http://www.infopak.gov.pk/public/country_profile_index.htm Austin 2006

  3. Pakistan Pynjab Afghania Kashmir SInd T BaluchisTAN A N Austin 2006

  4. 1 Balochistan 2 North-West Frontier Province 3 Punjab 4 Sindh 5 Islamabad Capital Territory 6 Federally Administered Tribal Areas 7 Azad Kashmir 8 Northern Areas Pakistan Austin 2006

  5. Islamic Republic of Pakistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics Austin 2006

  6. Symbols of Pakistan http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Austin 2006

  7. Austin 2006

  8. Pakistan Austin 2006

  9. Religions • Muslim 97% • (Sunni 77%, • Shi'a 20%), • Christian, Hindu, and other 3% http://www.pakistanlink.com/ Austin 2006

  10. MuhammadIqbal When a Community forsakes its Law Its parts are severed, like the scattered dust. The being of the Muslim rests alone On Law, which is in truth the inner core Of the Apostle’s faith. The Secrets of the Self, 1920 Austin 2006

  11. Power Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: • How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority? • What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power? • How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power? Austin 2006

  12. Pakistan: Difficult Beginnings • Nationalists were divided into different groups with no clear idea of what the new state would look like. • The independence movement represented only the secularized, Westernized elite. • The masses wanted to see an Islamic state. Austin 2006

  13. Jinnah and Gandhi - 1944 http://www.pakistan.gov/pk/ Austin 2006

  14. Modern State vs. Islamic State • Agree on a democracy • Disagree on underpinning Principles Austin 2006

  15. Modernist intellectuals and politicians wanted to create a secular, constitutional government. Conservatives and fundamentalists wanted to create a “theo-democratic” state. Modern State vs. Islamic State Austin 2006

  16. Austin 2006

  17. Pakistani Leadership • 1947-1948 Muhammed Ali Jinnah Governor General • 1948-1951 Liaquat Ali Khan Prime Minister • 1951-1958 Six Different Prime Ministers • 1958-1969 General Ayub Khan President Austin 2006

  18. Pakistani Leadership • 1969-1973 General Yahya Khan Military Leadership • 1973-1977 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister • 1977-1988 General Zia ul-Haq President Austin 2006

  19. Pakistani Leadership • 1988-1990 Benazir Bhutto 1993-1996 Prime Minister • 1990-1993 Nawaz Sharif 1997-1999 Prime Minister • 1999 General Pervez Musharraf Austin 2006

  20. Muhammed Ali Jinnah1947-1948 • "... this is my own very strong conviction that if the Quaid [Mohammed Ali Jinnah] had died in March 1947, there would have been no Pakistan. It was pure will power, sheer will power of the man.” --Syed Amjad Ali http://www.harappa.com/amjad_ali/jinnah.html Austin 2006

  21. Muhammed Ali Jinnah1947-1948 Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, was the founding father of Pakistan and became the first governor general of Pakistan with Liaquat Ali Khan as the first prime minister. Jinnah died a year later on Sept. 11, 1948. Austin 2006

  22. Liaquat Ali Khan1947-1951 • Remained as prime minister after Jinnah’s death. • Struggled to negotiate a constitution. • Was assassinated in 1951. Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman during his 1950 visit to the U.S. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline2.html Austin 2006

  23. 1951-1958 • Pakistan still governed by British colonial law • Quick succession of 6 prime ministers in 7 years • Political instability, racial and ethnic conflict, and an economic downturn resulted in a military coup Austin 2006

  24. Constitution of 1956 • Collection of “modern,” secular laws -parliamentary democracy • Guiding influence of Islam Austin 2006

  25. General Ayub Khan1958-1969 • Pakistan’s first military ruler • Popular reforms won him reelection in 1960 • Martial law ended with 1962 constitution • Resigned in 1969 and gave power to Gen. Yahya Khan www.frontlineonnet.com Austin 2006

  26. Constitution of 1962 • Focused on a liberal, modernist interpretation of Islam • Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to prevent Jamaat-l Islami from taking power. • Appointment of 37 reform commissions with little concern for Islamic issue • Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political party in elections Austin 2006

  27. General Yahya Khan1969-1971 • Immediately declared martial law and made himself president • Held the first general elections of Pakistan in Dec. 1970 • Differences between East and West Pakistan led to civil war and Bangladesh’s independence www.thestoryofpakistan.com Austin 2006

  28. Pakistan Austin 2006

  29. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto1971 • Leader of the most popular party • Became president when Yahya Khan resigned in August 1973, and a new constitution went into effect. • Bhutto resigned from the presidency to become prime minister • Later was overthrown and hanged http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906.stm Austin 2006

  30. Constitution of 1973 • Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made concessions to Jamaat-l Islami • Islam declared state religion for the first time • Compulsory Islamic education • Demanded published “error-free” Qur’an • Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol, night clubs and dancing. Austin 2006

  31. Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag1977-1985 • Enforced Martial Law for the third time in the short Pakistani history • Commissioned in the British Army in World War II and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  32. General Zia-ul-Haq • Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became independent. • Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five senior Generals. • Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in the country. Austin 2006

  33. General Zia’s Amendments • Zia intervened to remove “corrupt” Bhutto constitution. • Shari’a incorporated into politics and law-punishment for crimes • Law amended to give lesser status to women and minorities Austin 2006

  34. Benazir Bhutto1988-1990; 1993-1996 • Educated at Ratcliff and Oxford • Detained and imprisoned for leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party • Pledged to focus on health, social welfare and education www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  35. Benazir Bhutto • First woman to head government of an Islamic state • Deposed in 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan who dissolved parliament to force an election. • Re-elected in 1993 and dismissed three years later http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm Austin 2006

  36. Nawaq Sharif1990-1993; 1997-1999 • Two non-consecutive terms as prime minister • First term: platform of conservative government to end corruption. • Returned to power in 1997, changed the constitution. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html Austin 2006

  37. South Asia’s first motorway linked Lahore and Islamabad. Nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, responded to Indian nuclear tests Unpopular after “Kargil War,” at the time Pakistan and India were negotiating peace. Overthrown in 1999, exiled to Saudi Arabia Nawaq Sharif Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A088 Austin 2006

  38. Pervez Musharraf2001-present • Became de facto Head of Government after bloodless coup d’état • Supreme Court ordered elections and referendum • National Assembly had plurality in favor of Musharraf-deadlocked http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  39. Pervez Musharraf2001-present • Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through 2007 • Sided with United States against Taliban • Declared that exiled leaders could not return for general elections. • Gave use of three air bases to United States • Serves as both Army Chief and President Austin 2006

  40. Musharraf and Bush2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics Austin 2006

  41. Power: Military as Political Actors • From General Khan to General Musharraf, military has intervened in Pakistani politics to prevent damage to the constitution. • Example: Gen. Musharraf seized power when civilian prime minister removed constitutional checks on his power • Military has produced both liberal and conservative leaders. • Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto from power and also intervened to ensure his daughter, Benazir Bhutto, could participate in a fair election. Austin 2006

  42. Power Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: • How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority? • What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power? • How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power? / Austin 2006

  43. Austin 2006

  44. Resources Ahmad, Aziz. “Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964.” The Genesis of Pakistan. London: Oxford University Press, 1970. British Broadcasting Company http://newsvot.bbc.co.uk/ Esposito, John L. “Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic State.” Voices of Resurgent Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. National Geographic Xpeditions: Geography Standards in Your Classroom http://nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d Austin 2006

  45. Resources (continued) Pakistan.Gov: The Official Web Gateway to the Government of Pakistan.http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Pakistan Link.http://www.pakistanlink.com/ Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, New Work. http://www.un.int/pakistan/00home00.htm Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline1.html Austin 2006

  46. Resources (continued) Story of Pakistan http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ WIC Biography – Benazir Bhutto http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm/ Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html Austin 2006

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