CHAPTER 25 review book

1. CHAPTER 25 review book THE WEST BETWEEN WARS

2. THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY SECTION 1

3. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security At the end of World War I Germany resented the Treaty of Versailles. Other nations resented their new borders. The United States never ratified (accepted) the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the League of Nations which weakened it. France occupied Germany’s chief industrial and mining center in order to force them to pay reparations.

4. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security The workers went on strike to avoid helping the French and the German government printed paper money to pay the workers anyway. The Dawes Plan was passed to allow Germany to pay what they could afford in reparations each year. Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926.

5. The Great Depression People in the United States began buying stocks on margins which meant borrowing money to buy stocks then paying back the money when the stock value went up. This caused the stock market crash when stock values dropped because nobody could pay back their loans. European economies suffered as well as investors pulled their money from failing banks.

7. The Great Depression In Europe unemployment reached 25%. Germany was hit the hardest with 40% unemployment. The Depression was seen by many as the failure of capitalism so many people started to embrace Communism. As desperation set in people looked for strong leaders with simple solutions.

8. Democratic States After the War Germany: The Weimar Republic took control of Germany after WWI. It was unpopular because of weak leadership and the economic crisis.

9. France: After the Great Depression Communists and other radicals gained popularity in France. Maurice Thorez Leader of the PCF (Party of Communist in France)

10. The United States: Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the New Deal to bring the U.S. out of the depression. His plans pacified the people but did not help unemployment.

11. THE RISE OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES SECTION 2

12. The Rise of Dictators With people seeking strong leadership only Great Britain and France were able to remain democratic in Europe. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union were now being led by totalitarian dictators. In a totalitarian state the government controls all aspects of society and uses propaganda to gain control of the peoples hearts and minds.

13. Fascism in Italy Italians were bitter about land they expected to receive being given away in treaties after WWI High unemployment, especially among war veterans, workers on strike Growing support for Communism, the upper class fears a Communist revolution like the one that occurred in Russia.

14. Mussolini’s Rise to Power • Benito Mussolini gathers a group of unhappy Italians including World War I veterans, calls his group the Fascist Party • Promises to… • Stamp out communist threats, end unemployment, outlaw worker rebellion, and gain more land for Italy

15. Fascism • Fascism is… • Extreme nationalism • Imperialistic • Anti-communist • State controlled economy • Rule by dictator • Blind loyalty to leader • Use of fear & terror to gain and maintain power • Strong military • Censorship & government controlled news

16. Extreme Nationalism Fascism comes from the Italian word “Fascio” which referred to extremist political groups. Fascist was the name taken on by the Nationalist group so Fascist literally means “extreme Nationalist”. Mussolini’s Fascist government becomes the model for future Fascist governments like Hitler’s Nazi Party.

18. Some Similarities with Communism Similarities: Fascism & Communism are • Ruled by dictators • One party systems • Both outlawed the existence of other political parties • Not democratic • Voting is a allowed by some Communist states but only for communist leaders and elections are often fixed • Denied individual rights to citizens • No free speech

19. Anti-Communism Differences: Fascism was… • Nationalist • Communism sought to unite workers throughout the world (Internationalist) • A mid to upper class movement • Fascist did not seek a classless society like Communists • They felt the lower class had a role to play in society • Many lower-mid class citizens agreed and joined the Fascists

20. Fascists in Rome In an effort to intimidate, fascists wearing black shirts would attack socialists and communists in the streets of Italy In October of 1922, 28,000 fascists marched on Rome and demanded that Benito Mussolini be placed at the head of the government.

21. King Victor Emmanuel III decided this would be his best option and Mussolini took power by “legitimate means”

22. Mussolini in Power In 1922 Mussolini and the Fascists gain control and… End free elections End free speech & free press Kill or imprison enemies Italians value the goals of Italy over their own individual rights to reestablish order

23. A New Era in the Soviet Union Drought and famine between 1920 and 1922 led to an industrial collapse in Russia and the people began to distrust Lenin. He satisfied the people by reintroducing small aspects of capitalism while maintaining government control over major industries. When Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin was able to gain control.

24. A New Era in the Soviet Union To fix the economy Stalin established his “Five-Year Plans.” The main goal was to push the economy from mainly agricultural to primarily industrial. The change was expensive and came at a great cost for the people. Propaganda in the Soviet Union emphasized the importance of individual sacrifice.

25. A New Era in the Soviet Union Stalin also eliminated private farms and began collectivization (government owns farms and people work on them). People resisted collectivization by hoarding food and killing livestock.

26. Stalin set grain quotas that the people could not meet while still having enough to eat and enforced these quotas with his soldiers. • Over a million people starved to death between 1932 and 1933.

27. Authoritarian States in the West General Francisco Franco led the military in revolt against the democratic government in Spain. He had help from Italy and Germany and he set up an Authoritarian Fascist government.

28. HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY SECTION 3

29. Hitler and His Views Raised in Austria Adolf Hitler grew to be racist, especially anti-Semitic, and nationalist. He came to control the National Socialist German Workers Party which came to be known as the Nazi Party for short. His group attempted an uprising against the government in 1923 which landed him in jail where he wrote Mein Kampf(My Struggle) which summarized his ideas.

30. Rise of Nazism After leaving prison Hitler grew the Nazi party to be the largest party in the German Parliament. The president allowed Hitler to become chancellor and to create a new government. The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to ignore the Constitution to create laws that would deal with Germany’s major problems.

31. Victory of Nazism The Nazis moved quickly to gain more control. They removed all Jews and democratic elements from the civil service. They built concentration camps to imprison those who opposed their policies.

32. The Nazi State Hitler’s main goal was to establish an Aryan racial state that would dominate the world for generations as the Romans once had. He believed there had already been two major German empires (called Reichs) so referred to his future empire as the Third Reich.

33. Hitler created the Schutzstaffeln (the SS) as his personal bodyguard. Soon they were expanded to carry out his goal of creating a master race of Aryans. The Secret Police, criminal police, concentration camps, and later execution squads and death camps were created to reach his goal.

34. Hitler put people back to work producing public works projects but also rebuilding the military. This fixed the unemployment problem and gained Hitler popular support. Schools, churches, and universities were brought under Nazi control as huge demonstrations created public enthusiasm. The Autobahn

35. Women and Nazism Nazi values taught that men were warriors and that the role of woman was to bear children for the strong Aryan race.

36. Anti-Semitism In 1935 the Nuremburg Laws excluded all Jews from German citizenship, and banned German citizens from marrying Jews. In 1941 Jews were forced to wear gold Stars of David to identify themselves. Soon they were barred from all public transportation and buildings, could not own or manage stores, and were encouraged to emigrate.

37. CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL TRENDS SECTION 4

38. Mass Culture: Radio and Movies Radios were now in most middle class homes and people also began to see films at movie theatres. Both of these forms of media were used to spread propaganda during the war. The Great Dictator (35:50)

39. More Goods, More Leisure The assembly line increased production which meant people could now afford more factory produced goods. The 8 hour work day became the norm so people now had time for leisurely activities like sporting events or vacations.