SUDAN

1. SUDAN 2ND SUDANESE CIVIL WAR BY: BETHANY BRAAKSMA

2. Population: 36,992,490 Capital: Khartoum Official languages: Arabic, English President: Omar al-Bashir Religion: 60% Muslim, 38% Christian, 2% Traditional Beliefs Ethnic Groups: 40% Arab, 60% African FACTS

3. CIVIL WAR • More people have died in Sudan's current civil war, the longest civil war in history, than in Kosovo, Bosnia and Rwanda combined. • More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million have been displaced • Main areas of conflict: -North Vs. South -South Vs. South -Darfur Region

4. CAUSES OF WAR HISTORICAL • British separated north and south Sudan • Trade was discouraged between the two areas • After decolinization, power went to the Arab Northerners • Established deep rooted hostilities between the Northern Arabs and the Southern Africans

5. CAUSES OF WAR SHARI’A LAW • Central government enforced Shari’a law over all of Sudan • Both Muslims and Christians were forced to follow these laws • Basic constitutional rights were taken away • Deals with many parts of day-to-day life, including politics, economics, business law, sexuality, and social issues.

6. CAUSES OF WAR OIL • Significant oil fields were discovered in the south • Oil revenues make up about 70% of Sudan's export earnings. • Dispute over who will control the oil

7. CAUSES OF WAR CONTROL OVER THE NILE RIVER • The South controls the Nile River • Irrigation systems and dams can be built • The south is more fertile because it has heavier precipitation and greater access to water

8. OUTBREAK • On 26 April 1983, President Nimeiry declared Shari’a law over all Sudan • The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was formed in 1983 in opposition to the Arab central government. The leader was John Garang. • In 1989 Nimeiry was overthrown and Omar al-Bashir became president • Bashir formed the Popular Defense Forces (al Difaa al Shaabi) and began to invade the south to eliminate the Christian minority

9. WAR • The invasion of the north continued for more than 20 years • The Government used Sukhoi sorties, Tupolev bombers and napalm on both villages and rebel groups • The north targeted schools, hospitals and roads

10. PEACE TALKS • Peace talks between the southern rebels and the government made substantial progress in 2003 and early 2004. • 9 January 2005- both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement • This granted Southern Sudan autonomy for 6 years, to be followed by a referendum about independence. • It created a co-vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil equally, but left both the North's and South's armies in place.

11. PEACE TALKS • John Garang became the south's elected co-vice president. • He died in a helicopter crash on August 1, 2005, just three weeks after being sworn into office • Some think the northern government was responsible for the crash • His death sparked some riots, but no serious set backs in the peace talks

12. SOUTHERN SUDAN • Capital: Juba • President: Salva Kiir Mayardit • Population: 11 million • Flag:

13. SOUTH VS. SOUTH • 1991- the SPLA split into factions • Disagreement over whether Southern Sudan should become an independent nation • Factions were divided along tribal lines, mainly Dinka and Nuer • Different coalition started to fight each other, fueled by ethic rivalries • The government in the north encouraged and funded divisions in the south

14. SOUTH VS. SOUTH • About the same amount of people have died in the south vs. south conflict as in the north vs. south conflict • Juba was hit the hardest by the north and south • In 1996, a peace charter with the Government of Sudan. It became the basis for peace talks (The SPLA never signed it)

15. DARFUR • Started in the early 1970’s • Hostility between the nomadic Arabs and African farmers settled in the Darfur region • Both sides have committed ruthless acts of war

16. DARFUR • Arab militia are know as the Janjaweed and are accused of acts of genocide • Janjaweed have been launching raids, bombings, and attacks on villages, killing civilians based on ethnicity • Over 2 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 200,000- 400,000 killed

17. PEACE TALKS • May 5, 2006, the Sudanese government and Darfur's largest rebel group the SLM (Sudan Liberation Movement) signed the Darfur Peace Agreement • The agreement specified the disarmament of the Janjaweed and of the rebel forces • Its aim was to establish a temporal government in which the rebels could take part

18. PEACE TALKS FAIL • The agreement was not signed by all of the rebel groups • A new rebel group made up of the 4 main rebel groups who refused to sign the peace agreement called the "National Redemption Front“ • There still have been reports of wide-spread violence throughout the region

19. UNITED NATIONS • On 24 March 2005, the UN establish the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) • Main goal is to support the Peace Agreement signed by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on 9 January 2005 • Also, to perform humanitarian assistance and protect human rights

20. UNITED NATIONS • The UNMIS consists of up to 10,000 military personnel, including 750 military observers, and up to 715 police • On 31 August 2006 the UNMIS was expanded to include the Darfur region and to carry out the Darfur Peace Agreement