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Brazil: 1821-1824

Brazil: 1821-1824. The Peninsular War: 1808-1814. France vs. UK, Spain, & Portugal. Who was leading France at this time? Portugal is invaded by France in 1807

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Brazil: 1821-1824

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  1. Brazil: 1821-1824

  2. The Peninsular War: 1808-1814 • France vs. UK, Spain, & Portugal. Who was leading France at this time? • Portugal is invaded by France in 1807 • As French forces approach, British force of 7,000 arrives to “save” Portuguese Court. Orders were to escort the royal family, or depose them. • After much debate, John VI convinces court to side with British. • Portuguese shocked to be abandoned by prince.

  3. Little Johnny VI goes to Brazil • Arrives in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 • Creates Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves in 1815 • John works to bolster commerce and trade, builds schools, and creates a bank of Brazil • Elevates Brazil to same level as Portugal

  4. Prince Pedro • Son of John VI • Politically liberal, unlike his father • Wore simple clothes, talked to commoners on the street • Viewed with suspicion by his father • Controls Brazil after father goes back to Portugal

  5. Kingdom of Brazil • Dom Pedro I became Emperor of Brazil in Oct 1822, but would relinquish control if father ever returned • Small battles between 1822-1824 (22 months); casualties numbered only 5,700-6,200

  6. Independence or Death!

  7. Empire of Brazil: 1822-1889 Pedro I Pedro II Pedro III

  8. Mexican Independence: 1810-1821

  9. Jewel of the Empire • Mexico: most prosperous and populous Spanish colony • 5-6 million people at this time • Paid over half of the taxes for the Empire • Mining of precious metals was main export

  10. Class Structure in Mexico • Peninsulars: Native Europeans who had moved to the New World; ran the colonies, got the best jobs • Creoles: People of Europeans descent who had been born in the Americas; must be almost entirely white (1/8 rule) • Indians: Native Americans • Blacks: included slaves and free blacks

  11. The Peninsular War (again) • Napoleon invades Spain in 1808 and deposes King Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII • Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, installed as new King of Spain • Spaniards in Europe & America outraged, and wanted the “true” king restored

  12. Machetes & Gritos • Conspiracy of the Machetes: In 1799, Creoles plan to revolt against Peninsulars; someone snitches and the revolution never happens • Grito de Dolores: the “cry of Dolores,” signal for Creoles to revolt against Peninsulars • Father Miguel Hidalgo gave the “cry” on September 16, 1810 • STOP!!!!! Mexico’s Revolution began as a conflict between _________ and __________! • Creoles betrayed again, their movement was crushed; Hidalgo turns to peasants and lower classes

  13. Father Miguel Hidalgo • Radical priest – gambled, fornicated, had children, did not believe in Hell; encouraged Mexicans to grow their own crops! A diosmio!!!! • Deeply sympathized with the poor, the Indians, and slaves • Eventually defrocked, excommunicated, and killed by firing squad in 1811

  14. Independence from Spain • Hidalgo issues famous “grito de Delores” urging peasants & Indians to rebel; his armies march on Guanajato and massacre Peninsulars & Creoles • Hidalgo’s armies defeated in 1811, all were executed • 1815-1821: Mostly guerilla war • In 1821, Creole elites & generals join rebellion, finally achieving independence for Mexico from Spain

  15. Aftermath • Last Spanish forces defeated on Aug 24, 1821; Treaty of Cordoba signed • Empire of Mexico proclaimed on July 21, 1821 • Popular general named Augstin de Iturbide proclaims himself Emperor • Roman Catholicism remains official religion • Empire lasted only 2 years

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