Ch 18 NOTES Reproduction

1. Ch 18 NOTES Reproduction

2. Section 18.2 Male Reproductive System

3. I. Structure and Function: • produce sex hormone, testosterone • produce and store the male reproductive cells, sperm • deliver sperm to the female reproductive system to join with an egg in the process of fertilization.

4. Testes - two small glands that produce the male sex cells, sperm – 100 million per day starting at puberty. • Testosterone – male sex hormone also produced in the testes that start sperm production. • Scrotum - holds testicles, keeps at specific temperature.

5. Male Reproductive System Front View Urinary bladder Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Urethra Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Penis Epididymis Testis

6. Undescended testis: when one or both of the testes may not descend into the scrotum before birth. • Penis – an external sexual organ through which sperm leave the body. The tip is covered with loose skin, called the foreskin. • Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis (visual)

7. Other Structures and the Pathway of Sperm • Sperm produced in the testes will mature and be stored in the epididymis. • During sexual arousal sperm will travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens to the • Seminal Vesicles where fluid is added to give the sperm energy for mobility. • Next the prostate gland adds fluid to protect the sperm as the two vas deferens join to form the urethra at the base of the bladder. The urethra is the common passageway for both semen and urine. • The bulbourethral gland adds fluid that protects the sperm from acidic conditions in the urethra.

8. The mixture of sperm cells and these fluids (seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral) is called semen. Side View Urinary bladder Vas deferens Urethra Penis Epididymis Seminal vesicle Testis Prostate gland Scrotum Bulbourethral gland

9. D. Release of Sperm - Semen are released from the penis during the process of ejaculation. • Semen – thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from reproductive system. • Ejaculation – series of muscular contractions and semen is expelled from the penis.

10. 3. Fertilization – union of a sperm and an egg. 4. Nocturnal Emission or wet dream – usually occurs when a male begins to produce sperm, occurs normally when the male ejaculates during sleep.

11. II. Keeping Healthy

12. Cleanliness • Dry well after showering to prevent fungal infections that can cause jock itch

13. Sexual Abstinence • Avoid a number of serious infections of the reproductive system and other body systems by refraining from sexual activity

14. Protection from Trauma • Wearing a cup during athletic activities • Take care when lifting heavy objects. An inguinal hernia can result when part of the intestine pushes into the scrotum.

15. Self-Exams • Monitor your body for signs of possible medical problems • Pain when urinating, unusual discharge, or sores on the genitals • Examine the testes for testicular cancer. 1/3 of testicular cancer cases occur in young men in their teens and twenties. (visual)

16. Medical Checkups • Enlarged Prostate • Prostate Cancer – 2nd most common cause of cancer death among older men • Diagnose Infertility – a condition of being unable to reproduce generally caused by • Exposure to chemicals • Having mumps after puberty • Having undescended testis

17. Section 18.3 – The Female Reproductive System

18. Structure and Function • Produce and store female reproductive cells: eggs (ova) • Produce sex hormones and provide a nourishing environment in which a fertilized egg can develop

19. Ovaries • 2 almond size glands where eggs are produced • Two important functions 1-produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and 2-release mature egg cells about once a month during ovulation

20. Fallopian Tubes • Two passageways that carry eggs away from the ovary and to the uterus or womb • This is also where fertilization usually takes place if sperm are present

21. Uterus • Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ with a narrow base called the cervix • The site where a fertilized egg can develop and grow

22. Vagina • Also called the birth canal, the vagina is a hollow, muscular and elastic passageway leading from the uterus to the outside of the body • Sperm first enter the females body through the vagina

23. The Menstrual Cycle • Females are born with the only eggs they will ever have • Starting around puberty, females will usually produce one mature ovum each month during the process called the menstrual cycle

24. Factors Affecting the Menstrual Cycle • Average cycle lasts 28 days (it can also be normal for some individuals to go longer or shorter than this) • Diet, Stress, Exercise, Weight gain or loss can affect the cycle • Puberty is also a time when the cycle can be irregular • Menopause occurs between 45-55 when the ovaries will no longer release eggs, gradually the menstrual cycle stops and a woman can no longer become pregnant

25. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

26. Days 1–4 The uterine lining is shed during menstruation. Days 5–13 An egg matures in one of the ovaries, and the uterine lining starts to thicken. Days 14–15 The ovary releases the mature egg during ovulation. Maturing Egg Days 16–22 The egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, and the uterine lining continues to thicken. Egg Egg Days 23–28 The unfertilized egg enters the uterus. The Menstrual Cycle

27. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle • During the first half of the cycle, an egg matures in one of the ovaries and the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, thickens • Ovulation: Sometime near the middle of the cycle (ie. day 14) a mature egg is released and travels into the fallopian tube • This is when a female is most fertile, or able to become pregnant

28. It can take 7 days for the egg to travel from the fallopian tube to the uterus • Menstruation (Menstrual Period): several days later, IF fertilization didn’t take place around ovulation, the uterine lining (endometrium) breaks down and passes out of the female’s body. This stage will last 3-5 days on average

30. Menstrual Discomfort • Abdominal cramps possibly caused by contractions of the uterus • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – nervous tension, mood swings, headaches, bloating, irritability experienced before the menstrual period • Doctors recommend reducing salt, sugar and caffeine intake and get regular exercise or other stress relieving techniques

31. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Rare but serious medical condition associate with tampon use and a bacterial infection that can possibly lead to death • Seek medical attention immediately if you experience these symptoms: sudden high fever, rash, vomtting, diarrhea, dizziness • Lower your risks by using the lowest absorbency needed and change tampons often

32. Keeping Healthy • Cleanliness • Daily washing of the external vaginal area and regularly change sanitary pads or tampons during menstruation • Female hygiene sprays, douches, and deodorants are not necessary and may be harmful if they cover up signs of an infection or cause irritation

33. Keeping Healthy • Sexual Abstinence • The only way to eliminate the risk of sexually transmitted infections is to abstain from sexual activity • Prompt Treatment for Infections • Some infections may not be related to sexual activity • Vaginitis caused by yeast, bacteria, or other microorganisms can cause thick discharge, odors, itching, and burning sensations during urination. Seek a doctor if you ever notice these symptoms

34. Self-Exams • Monitor the body for possible signs of medical problems • Self-Breast Exam performed by all women (including teens) once/month, a week after their menstrual period, to detect Breast Cancer

35. Medical Checkups • A yearly checkup of the reproductive system is recommended for all females who have reached puberty • A doctor will examine the breasts and genitals and may perform a pelvic exam and Pap smear. A Pap smear is a sample of cervical cells examined under a microscope to detect cervical cancer • Mamograms – x-rays of the breast that can help detect breast cancer. These are usually performed at about age 40

36. Doctors can also detect and treat other reproductive problems • Ovarian Cysts – growths on the ovaries • Endometriosis – when the endometrium grows outside the uterus in the pelvic area

37. Infertility – the inability to become pregnant. This is most often due to a blocked fallopian tube and problems with ovulation