Translational Science: Library Services & Knowledge Professionals

1. Translational Science:Library Services& Knowledge Professionals Paul J Graham, MA, MLIS Presented to University of Washington, Seattle September 14th 2012

2. Presentation Contents Translational Science can turn to Knowledge Studies for Innovation 1) Knowledge System • Definition and Application 2) State of the Art • Some current issues of Translational Science Research 3) Librarian Perspectives • Library services 4) Knowledge Professionals • Knowledge Management • Being a Knowledge Broker

3. Part 1: The Knowledge System 1979 publication Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society by Holzner and Marx • Production • Organization • (Storage & Retrieval) • Transfer, Diffusion • Application • Implementation

4. P1: Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems (2001) Alavi & Leidner MIS Quarterly Vol. 25 no. 1, 107-136. • Over a thousand citations since 2001 on the Web of Science • Over 4000 citations on Google Scholar

5. P1: Library as Knowledge System The Library has a Knowledge System and is part of a greater Knowledge System • A.L. Dick, "Society's Knowledge System and Its Implications for Librarianship." South African Journal for Librarianship and Information Science 50, no. 1 (1982): 17-21. • Based on his thesis from the University of Washington, Seattle • He argues that libraries can reconsider their role and functions relative to Knowledge-Systems processes. He championed libraries becoming more involved in Knowledge Production and Application.

6. P1: Translational Knowledge System

7. P1: Translational Knowledge System Kelley et al. 2012 champion a normative approach, but also provide their version of a Health Knowledge cycle. • Called a Translational Cycle, we can see it is a systems perspective • Results in better science and health benefits. • Revealing the judgements behind science, before science is conducted.

8. Part 2: State of the Art What are some of the current issues of Translational Science? • Definition • History & Terminology • Barriers • Interdisciplinary Teams • Community-Based Research • Collaborative Methods • Research Support • Assessment Metrics

9. P2: Definition What is the Definition of Translational Science? What are the components of Translational Science? • What is Translational Science Research? • A term first used in 1990s (Davidson, 2011) • Popular in medical sciences • Universities now expanding Translational Research credentials • General Definition • Activities designed to transform ideas, insights, and discoveries generated through basic scientific inquiry and from clinical or population studies into effective and widely available clinical applications. (Mitchell et al. 2010) • Includes • Market trends, tendencies of the industry, capitalization, and regulatory requirements (Kleinbeck et al. 2012)

10. P2: History & Terminology “Translational Science” is a part of a larger societal project • Terminology • Transfer, Utilization, Translation, Dissemination, Distribution, Diffusion, Uptake, Bridging the gap, research utilization, implementation research/science, • Theory • Mode 2, Post Normal Science, Triple Helix,“Two Communities Metaphors” “Sticky Knowledge” “Communities of Practice” “Epistemic Culture”, Habermas’s “Communicative Action” • Models • Iowa Model of Research in Practice, Ottawa Model of Research Use, CURN, Outcomes Focused KT, r2p2r • Methods • Social Network Analysis, Environmental Scanning

11. P2: Barriers to Translation What are some of the stated Barriers to Translational Research • Bridging the cultural divide separating investigators engaged in “fundamental” research vs. “applied” research. (Hobin & Galbraith, 2012) • Investigators may find it difficult to publish their works • Tenure and promotion structure may adversely affect time needed for quality Translation of knowledge. • Hobin & Galbraith, 2012 • Addressing the issues academic perception that Translational research is “not intellectually challenging, worthwhile, or good for [a] career.”

12. P2: Translational Models The Development of Models for Translational Science is needed. • Thematic analysis is championed to produce a schema for clinicians, policymakers and researchers. (Mitchell et al. 2010) • EBP & RU • Organizational Change • Knowledge exchange & Synthesis • Designing & Interpreting dissemination results. • Theories and frameworks enhance dissemination and implementation (Tabak et al., 2012) • Construct Flexibility • Dissemination or Implementation • Sociological Framework

13. P2: Collaborative Teams Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary Collaborative teams are seen as a key to better Translational Science outcomes. • Moise et al., 2006 • Bridging the distance between the clinic floor and the bench top. Clinical science and Pure Science. • Having a collaborative team that includes clinical perspective and fundamental research. • Wagner & Srivastava, 2012 • Championing the “It takes a village” paradigm for a shift in the approach to biomarkers research. • Hobin & Galbraith, 2012 • Encouraging and engineering collaboration, cooperation, communication, and respect between basic and clinical scientists. • Byrne et al. 2012 • Collaboration is fundamental to the enterprise.

14. P2: Collaborative Outreach Collaborative methods for achieving greater health impact • Better health outcomes occur for the population when we evaluate key critical judgments. (Kelley et al. 2012) • Ethical, social , cultural, economic • Which disease to target, which programmes to fund, • Offer a Normative Model of the Translational Process • Who will advocate for disease and conditions that impact smaller, more diffuse, or less empowered populations? • Dialectical Thinking (Crockett et al., 2012) • Transformative Consumer Research emphasizing societal welfare. • Tracking social problems • Getting the results into the hands of stakeholders

15. P2: Community-Based Research Community Based Research is now seen as a vital part of Translational Science activities. • Community-Based Participatory Research Skills (DiGirolamo et al., 2012) • Social determinants of Health • Having community involved in all aspects of the process • Design, conduct, analysis, dissemination • Community Relation Building • Many researchers did not have the comprehensive package of CBPR skills • Translational Research Teams (Crockett et al. 2012) • Includes public and community health researchers, as well as community members.

16. P2: Community-Based Research Some Important Steps for Community Based Research Planning • Extensive Planning • Environmental Scan to identify key resources and people • Formulating relevant relationships • Collaborative research department or committee • Creating a shared vision

17. P2: Research Support Byrne et al. 2012 “Clinical and Translational Research Studios” • Research Studios provide specific research advice for a specific problem from local specialists. • T1 Studio: Bench to Bedside, captures research and proposed research that involve uncovering pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease, as well as early-phase feasibility, safety, and efficacy trials. • T2 Studio: Bedside to Practice and Policy, captures research and proposed research that involve clinical • Two Directors for each major area • Offers ability to overcome barriers identified by CTSA academic health centres • Research workforce, research operations, organizational silos • Reflects Mode 2 Knowledge Production Interdisciplinary

18. P2: Research Support Where are the Librarians in Research Studios? Not on the set…

19. P2: Other Supportive Models …but there are other Research Support Models to consider… • Program Development Teams ( Hunt et al. 2012) • To assist the individual researcher to navigate through the myriad of resources provided. • To help guide the researchers in proposal development, study design, and identification of support components that can help bring projects to fruition. • Clinical Effectiveness Department (Damani & Fulton, 2010) • Interdisciplinary groups • Mentorship Model (Sundgren, 2012) • Facilitates smoother transition to researcher • Gets assistance with ideas. • Demonstrates strengths, explores potential

20. P2: Metrics & Assessment Assessing Research Impact is a major component of any research endeavour today (Learning Cycle diagram from Center for Instructional Innovation, Western Washington University) • Lee et al., 2012 Clinical and Translational Scientist Career Success: Metrics for Evaluation • Domains of Career Success • Extrinsic Career Success Factors • Intrinsic Career Success Factors • Determinants of Career Success • Personal Factors • Organizational Factors • Other Metrics in Process • Experience Survey of the Association for Clinical Research Training • Research Support Survey of the Duke Translational Medicine Institute • Graduate tracking Survey System There are many Info Literacy Assessment tools we can adapt for the clinical environment.

21. Part 3: Librarian’s Perspective What can Librarianship offer to Translational Science? • Evaluation & Assessment • Research & Reference • Outreach • Information Literacy • Database Services • Collaborative Spaces

22. P3: Evaluation & Assessment Environmental Scan methodology allows for a full consideration of resources and services • Internal Analysis • Survey/Focus groups to students, faculty & staff. • Reviewing Grey Literature (e.g., memos, emails) • External Analysis • Reviewing Health Library websites • Informal conversations with key professionals • In-depth review of scholarly literature • Assessing Trends via STEEPLE method

23. P3: Research & Reference We must now be concerned with “Evidence Based” everything. • iGuide Literature Reviews • Literature reviews that compile the latest apps in a subject field, e.g. Iphone apps for plastic surgeons (Mohan & Brandford, 2012) • Evidence Based Blogging • Powell et al. 2012 suggests structured blogging as a valid EB tool for sharing of methods and results, and conclusions. • Evolving Librarian skills • McGown et al. 2010 assessed the librarian’s ability to summarize information for physicians within 20 minutes of the request. • Hunt et al. 2012 bibliometrics used for social network analysis

24. P3: Research & Reference We now must consider expanding our notion of reference beyond books, CDs, DVDs, etc. to scientific equipment. • Dealing with Data (Haendel et al., 2012) • Eagle-i Network: accelerating the cycle of scholarly communication by making research resources easy to find. Connects researchers to other researchers, and resources. • Resource Navigators, connects to not just research, but to lab protocols, instrumentation, human studies, software. • This expands the notion of Reference beyond typical sources of information to objects and services, and the location of those services for use.

25. P3: Research & Reference Web 2.0 Technologies are only now being rigorously assessed for their Academic value • Assessing Familiar Tools within Academia • Wikis: Collaborative annotated bibliographies (eg., PDBWiki) • Twitter: Translational Twitter (e.g., CTSI information) • Facebook: Providing an avenue for Knowledge Management. • YouTube: Research/Training videos (e.g. Cancer Connection) • New & Developing Services Online • BioMedexperts, mylabmeeting, Mendeley, Nature Network • StickyWalls: wallwisher.com, primary wall, Stixy, Bizkit • Cloud Computing (Rosenthal el al., 2010) • Evaluating a “cloud” for Biomedical purposes

26. P3: Research & Reference Open Access resources are growing in importance, especially as a way to spread innovation, improving Translational Research. • Budget for Library Resources • Will there be a stable financial platform for the “Gold” model of O.A. peer-reviewed journals? • Will current library budgets be redirected to O.A. fees, or free up funds for other projects? • Open Access Journal funds supported by 30 universities (Nariani & Fernandez, 2012). • Responsibility for an Open Access Archive • Will Libraries be responsible for “Green” model of O.A. archives for the creation of university repositories?

27. P3: Outreach (Mobile Devices) We can offer Mobile Webpages for Translational Research Services • Mobile Webpage & LibGuide • Drug Resources • Library Catalog Requests • Ask Us feature • Calculators • Wireless access and Device tips • StanMed: Stanford App for accessing clinically useful educational modules, tutorials, videos, podcasts at point of care. • CATs: Centre for EBM provides a software tool for creating Critically Appraised Topics

28. P3: Outreach (Mobile Reference) Librarian reported an increase in consultations by 400% from Prusin 2012 by simply having 2 sessions of 2 hour office hours.

29. P3: Outreach (Marketing) Any Translational Research effort needs marketing. You have to be an entrepreneur. • Marketing Campaigns (Serenko et al., 2012) • Targeted messages raising awareness of Information Literacy. • Don’t oversell, be clear about training objectives • E-Options (from Matsoukas et al., 2011) • USB Flash Drive marketing library services to Med students at Columbia University. • Other Ideas • Print is still important • Book marks, pamphlets, one page research guides • Special Interest Groups • Targeting Student organizations & other campus organizations

30. P3: Information Literacy Always accepting the challenges and opportunities of Information Literacy training is important to improve Translational Research. • Foundational Health Science Teaching Services • Clark & Esson, 2012 found that Information literacy training did not prepare them adequately for Evidence Based Practice. • Implementing Information Literacy Strategy • Awareness of Clinical & Pre-Clinical Translational Resources provided via NIH institutions. • Research Match, Red Cap, CTSA-IP • Empirical Tools in Knowledge Translation • Conferences, Journals, Grant Information • Bioinformatics resources (e.g., directory links) • Integrated approach to instruction (MacEachern et al., 2012) • Strategic sessions at different stages of education • Includes both in-person and virtual

31. P3: Information Literacy

32. P3: Database Services Creating a specialized database provides specialized service that general databases, and traditional cataloguing systems cannot. • Effectiveness of Intervention Databases • Rx for Change (synthesis of global evidence) (Grimshaw et al. 2012) • Health Systems Evidence • Creating a Translational Database via Faceted Analysis • KUPI Database, University of Saskatchewan • Translational Science Blogging • McKibbon et al., 2012 • Although not perfect search filters have been developed for identifying “knowledge translation” articles in Medline

33. P3: Collaborative Spaces Social Learning Ambience is as important as choice of technology…selecting the right tech for the right space. • Collaborative Commons (U of Florida) • Providing “neutral” collaborative spaces • Emphasizes a variety of Technology • Smart & White boards • Expanded videoconferencing • Comfortable seating/Table space • Biomedical software (Vivo) • iCentre: A central facility where information, technology, learning, and teaching needs are supported by tech specialists. • Considered an “instructional zone” • Includes both print and online resources • Professional information technology staff

34. Part 4: Knowledge Professionals We can offer additional services as Knowledge Brokers • Knowledge Management • Assessing research projects form a KM perspective. • Knowledge Brokering • A model for action.

35. P4: Knowledge Management Knowledge Management perspectives can assist medical research. • KM is vital simply because of the vast amount of knowledge and data tools available today. (Hunt et al, 2012) • Emphasis on Knowledge Sharing which is vital to Translational Knowledge • Combined thinking about Technology and People. • Epistemic thinking • Communities of Practice • Learning Community • Knowledge-Based Organization • Converting Tacit to Codified knowledge

36. P4: Knowledge Brokering Being a Knowledge Broker is primarily about connecting people-to-people • Typologies • Organizational Brokering • Individual Brokering • Strategic Services • Characteristics • Puts actual focus on outreach to community and for research output. • Networking & Marketing • Collecting the best evidence for decision making • Breaking down knowledge barriers • Deciphering the best communication models

37. Concluding Thoughts Some Key Areas to Consider… • Taking a Knowledge Systems Perspective for critique and conceptual clarity of Translational Science processes. • Implementing Translational support such as Research Studios, Program Development teams, or Librarian Mentorshipto Translational Researchers. • Marketing our services with USB packages directly to key stakeholders, and/or researcher • Applying Library services with a Translational Science focus, such as creating a Translational Science database. • Taking up a Knowledge Brokering paradigm to define the role of Translational Science & Collaboration Librarian.