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Hinduism

Hinduism. South Asia/India No specific founders- a series of beliefs/ customs blended from various ppls including the Aryans (Indo European nomads who entered India after the end of the Harrappan Civilization) Caste System- social class system- why? Explains purposes of roles in society

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Hinduism

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  1. Hinduism • South Asia/India • No specific founders- a series of beliefs/ customs blended from various ppls including the Aryans (Indo European nomads who entered India after the end of the Harrappan Civilization) • Caste System- social class system- why? • Explains purposes of roles in society • Reincarnation- you must follow your dharma (moral obligation) to acquire positive “karma” which dictates your next life. • Highest- brahmins, rulers/warriors, merchant, sudras, outcastes- untouchables • Cleanliness = super important

  2. Holy books • Vedas, Upanishads, Mahabarata (Baghavad Gita), Ramayana • Goal- Moksha • Release from cycle of birth, death, rebirth • “Polytheistic” • Is but it isn’t. • Originally flat out polytheistic, but as it evolved, ppl different faces of one divine force • With advent of Islam: • Bhakti cults- personalized religion to compete with relationship with Allah

  3. Judaism • Middle East- Semitic • MONOTHEISTIC! First! • Nationality & religion • Abraham- “Father” – • Covenant (agreement) with God to protect the “Chosen People” in exchange for undying love and devotion • When god gets ticked, jews suffer

  4. Israel/Judea • Protectorate of the ROMAN empire • Rebel (1st Temple destroyed 70 ce, 2nd revolt = diaspora 130 ce) • Kicked out of homeland, nationless ppl Under Muslim rule- scholars, ppl of book Under Euro Christian rule- persecuted, ghettos, excluded from guilds, allowed to loan money Late 1800s- Zionist mov’t- Hertzl, Dryfuss 1948 Israel

  5. Buddhism • South Asia/ India • Branched off of Hinduism • Siddharta Gautama (sp) • “Buddha”- means “enlightened one” • 4 noble truths “life is suffering, life sucks b/c your selfish, make life not suck by not being selfish, how do you do that? Follow the 8 fold path” • Live a life of non-desire right thinking, right action, etc

  6. Rejected caste system • Women allowed to be nuns • Original Buddha said “I’’m not god, don’t worship me”; ATHEIST… however, when it spreads, Buddha becomes a deity. • Nirvana = goal= release from selfishness and pain. Can be achieved in lifetime • Rebirth of the self • Ashoka (Mayuran)- converted to Buddhism

  7. Ppl in India converted if they were: women, low caste • Spreads b/c of silk road/trade and missionaries • Enters china during Han • Becomes HUGE in China- TANG massive gov’t sponsorship (Wu Di) • Japan- blends with Shinto, ZEN

  8. Christianity 33-100 ce • Judea- emerges during the political turmoil of the Roman occupation of Israel • Joshua ben Joseph (Jesus Christ)- Jesus of Nazareth- ppl claim he is the “son of man” or the “son of god” • Executed by Roman gov’t. Followers say: “resurrected after 3 days, son of god, died for sins” • Had to be a spiritual messiah first, then he’s going to come back and be a militant messiah… eventually it’s accepted that Jesus has come back but in the form of the organized church

  9. Early leaders- Peter and Paul • Breaks away completely from Judaism by 100 • Augustine of Hippo, Constantine (1st roman to convert, he legalizes it), Justinian persecutes NON CHRISTIANS • Early leaders/ converts: low class and women

  10. Catholic Church • Hierarchy- pope, cardinals, arch bishops, bishops, priests • Rome, west • Only unifying force in W Europe after fall of Rome • Converting all of those dirty pagans • Higher authority than the gov’t • Trend in W European history- church fighting against the gov’t • Cathedrals- middle ages gothic architecture, renaissance patrons of the art

  11. Eastern Orthodox Church • Russia, Byzantium, Greece • Patriarchs- no one person is on top • Gov’t controls the church. Church gets to deal with only church issues- never have to worry about politics • Icons, mosaics • Hagia Sophia

  12. Protestants • Lutherans • Germany • Martin Luther • 95 Thesis • Faith alone grants salvation • Calvinists • France and Switzerland- spreads to Scotland, N America • Jean Calvin • Predestination • God has already determined who will be saved and who is reprobate. Jesus died only for a select few, nothing you do can change your fate • Anglicans • England • Henry VIII and then Elizabeth I • Divorce, king = head of church

  13. Islam • Arabian Pen. – Mecca • Muhammad = prophet • Abrahamic faith- influenced by Christianity and Judaism • Christians and Jews = ppl of the book • 5 pillars: One god , God and Muhammad is his prophet (M is NOT god, last prophet), prayer, alms, hajj, ramadan (fasting)

  14. Mecca- holiest city. Muhammad born, Ka’ba, A PILGRIM CITY BEFORE ISLAM • Medina- hijrah- Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina, fought the Ummayads and eventually retook Mecca • Jerusalem- 3rd most, ascended into heaven • Jihad- holy war, not necessarily violent- struggle

  15. Conversion? • Equality of believers • NO clergy • Outcast christian groups like ‘em • Take part in sharing spoils • Ppl of book had to pay jizya (tax)

  16. Sunni- largest, caliph should be a good muslim • Shi’ite- minority, caliph should be a relative of Muhammad (Ali = main guy) • Sufis- dance, spin, mystic, spreads to India • Why it spreads? • Trade networks

  17. Confucianism • China • Kong Fu Zi • Philosophy • Harmony and balance with SOCIETY • Never messes with issue of divine • Patriarchic • Analects • Relationships- ruler to subject, husband to wife, father to child, brother to brother, friend to friend • Mutual obligations, respect • CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS AND BUREAUCRATS

  18. Daoism • China • Harmony with nature • Lao Tzi • Tao Te Ching • Dao = way • Eventually focuses on more supernatural stuff

  19. Shinto • Religion • Japan • Native religion • “kami” = spirits in nature • Shrines, Japan = holy ground • Emperor = GOD • Sun Goddess • Helps with super nationalism

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