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Chapter 16: World War II

Chapter 16: World War II. Isolationism. International conflicts in mid 1930s Most Americans do not want to be involved 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it

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Chapter 16: World War II

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  1. Chapter 16: World War II CHAPTER 17

  2. Isolationism • International conflicts in mid 1930s • Most Americans do not want to be involved • 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it • Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries • Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements • Jews • Catholics • immigrants CHAPTER 17

  3. Americans were upset about WWI • Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and weapons manufacturers • Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI CHAPTER 17

  4. Question • What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism? CHAPTER 17

  5. Answer • Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industryduring WWI • Bitter about being in that war • Hatred of the military CHAPTER 17

  6. FDr’s foreign policy • 1933 – FDR is a friendly president • Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors • Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America • Withdrew armed forces in L. America • 1934 – reduces tariffs • 1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS • U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war CHAPTER 17

  7. Journal • When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why? CHAPTER 17

  8. CHAPTER 17

  9. CHAPTER 17

  10. CHAPTER 17

  11. CHAPTER 17

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  14. CHAPTER 17

  15. Journal • Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not? CHAPTER 17

  16. Chapter 17 • The United States in WWII CHAPTER 17

  17. Section 1: Mobilizing for defense • Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes” • 5 million volunteer for military service • Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – women volunteers serve in non-combat positions • Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians CHAPTER 17

  18. What about discrimination? • “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man” CHAPTER 17

  19. Discrimination in Military • 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military • 1 million African Americans in segregated units -> no combat until 1943 • 33,000 Japanese Americans • 25,000 Native Americans • Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens CHAPTER 17

  20. A Production Miracle • Factories are converted for war production • Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats • Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945 CHAPTER 17

  21. Contribution of the workers • Men are fighting • 6 million women enter the workforce • No problem operating welding torches or riveting guns • Paid 60% of what men earn • Minorities are also not hired at first CHAPTER 17

  22. a. Philip Randolph • Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington D.C. 1941 • Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.” • March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal CHAPTER 17

  23. How did WWII end the great depression? CHAPTER 17

  24. Mobilization of scientists • 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin • Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy • FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project CHAPTER 17

  25. The federal govt. takes control • Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically • Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check • War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production • Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline) CHAPTER 17

  26. Questions Section 1 • How did each of the following contribute to the war effort? • 1. Selective Service Act • 2. Woman • 3. Minorities • 4. Manufacturers • 5. A. Philip Randolph • 6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • 7. Office of Price Administration (OPA) • 8. War Production Board (WPB) • 9. Rationing CHAPTER 17

  27. Section 2: The war for Europe and north Africa CHAPTER 17

  28. The united states and Britain join forces • Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, 1941 -> America will fight Hitler first • German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast • Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar • By 1943 Allies have the upper hand CHAPTER 17

  29. The eastern front and the Mediterranean • Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center • Soviets counterattack during the winter • 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German troops surrender CHAPTER 17

  30. The north African front • Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa • Operation Torch is led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower • They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa CHAPTER 17

  31. The Italian campaign • Sicily is captured in 1943 • Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign CHAPTER 17

  32. Heroes in combat CHAPTER 17

  33. The allies liberate Europe • American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France • D-Day – June 6, 1944 • General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France • Sept. 1944 – France is liberated CHAPTER 17

  34. The battle of the bulge • Americans capture German town, Aachen • German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line • Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat CHAPTER 17

  35. End of war in Europe • Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944 • April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin • Hitler shoots himself in his bunker • A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich • May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day) CHAPTER 17

  36. Section 3: the war in the pacific CHAPTER 17

  37. How different would it be to fight a war in Japan rather than in Europe? CHAPTER 17

  38. The allies stop the Japanese tide • 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942) CHAPTER 17

  39. The allies stop the Japanese tide • April 1942 - Allies bomb Tokyo • Lifts American spirits • Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese are stopped by Allies (Australia + U.S.) • Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway (northwest of Hawaii) • Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan CHAPTER 17

  40. The allies go on the offensive CHAPTER 17

  41. The allies go on the offensive • Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands • Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) • 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still lose • Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive • April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa • 7,600 Americans die • 110,000 Japanese • Two generals commit ritual suicide CHAPTER 17

  42. Raising the flag on iwojima • 1. Why do you think this image became so important? • 2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes? CHAPTER 17

  43. To invade or not invade Japan • Japan still has a large army • Passionate soldiers • Manhattan Project led by American J. Robert Oppenheimer • Atomic bomb is tested in New Mexico (June, 1945) • July 1945 – Truman orders military to make plans to drop two atomic bombs • Tells Japan to surrender • They do not so bombs are dropped CHAPTER 17

  44. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • August 6, 1945 - B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima • August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki • 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year • Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 CHAPTER 17

  45. Video clips • http://vimeo.com/1476520 - Fort Minor • http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=403&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military service • http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=184&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers • http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=461&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land • http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=424&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food CHAPTER 17

  46. Journal • 1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the video clips. • 2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same? Why? CHAPTER 17

  47. Section 4: The home front CHAPTER 17

  48. Opportunity and adjustment • Unemployment falls to a low of 1.2 percent in 1944 • Average weekly pay goes up 10 percent • Farmers could pay off mortgages • 6 million women enter workforce – defense industries and journalism CHAPTER 17

  49. Opportunity and adjustment • A million people move to California (1941-1944) • Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities CHAPTER 17

  50. Opportunity and adjustment • More children in day cares and juvenile detention • High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave • 1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free education, training, loans for veterans CHAPTER 17

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