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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. The Structure & Function of Macromolecules 5.1-5.5. Lab 9 Transpiration in Plants. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEfmTok3OCo. Assignment due Wed., Sep. 16. Make 6-12 flashcards to share with class Use index cards

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 • The Structure & Function of Macromolecules • 5.1-5.5

  2. Lab 9 Transpiration in Plants • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEfmTok3OCo

  3. Assignment due Wed., Sep. 16 • Make 6-12 flashcards to share with class • Use index cards • Your name and a key term on front • Corresponding structure, definition, example on back • Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, Lipid

  4. Polymers • Covalent monomers • Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction): One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule • Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)

  5. Carbohydrates, I • Monosaccharides√ CH2O formula; √ multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups and 1 carbonyl (C=O) group: aldehyde (aldoses) sugar ketone sugar √ cellular respiration; √ raw material for amino acids and fatty acids

  6. Carbohydrates, II • Disaccharides √ glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) between 2 monosaccharides; √ covalent bond by dehydration reaction • Sucrose (table sugar)√ most common disaccharide

  7. Disaccharides

  8. Polysaccharides Storage: Starch~ glucose monomers Plants: in cell’s plastids Animals: glycogen in liver Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound; Chitin~ exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread Carbohydrates, III

  9. Lipids • No polymers; glycerol and fatty acid • Fats, phospholipids, steroids • Hydrophobic; H bonds in water exclude fats • Carboxyl group = fatty acid • Non-polar C-H bonds in fatty acid ‘tails’ • Ester linkage: 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol (dehydration formation) • Triacyglycerol (triglyceride) • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds

  10. Lipids, II

  11. Phospholipids • 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group) • ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic • Micelle (phospholipid droplet in water) • Bilayer (double layer); cell membranes

  12. Steroids • Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings • Ex: cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis

  13. Proteins • Importance: instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known • Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) ~carboxyl (-COOH) group, amino group (NH2), H atom, variable group (R)…. • Variable group characteristics: polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acid or base • Three-dimensional shape (conformation) • Polypeptides (dehydration reaction): peptide bonds~ covalent bond; carboxyl group to amino group (polar)

  14. Protein Structure

  15. Primary Structure • Conformation: Linear structure • Molecular Biology: each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids • Ex: lysozyme • Amino acid substitution: hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia

  16. Secondary Structure • Conformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds) • Alpha Helix: coiling; keratin • Pleated Sheet: parallel; silk

  17. Tertiary Structure • Conformation: irregular contortions from R group bonding √hydrophobic √disulfide bridges √hydrogen bonds √ionic bonds

  18. Quaternary Structure • Conformation: 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule √collagen (connective tissue) √hemoglobin

  19. Nucleic Acids, I • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • DNA->RNA->protein • Polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide):nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group • Nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil purines~adenine, guanine

  20. Nucleic Acids, II • Pentoses: √ribose (RNA) √deoxyribose (DNA) √nucleoside(base + sugar) • Polynucleotide: √phosphodiester linkages (covalent); phosphate + sugar

  21. Nucleic Acids, III • Inheritance based on DNA replication • Double helix (Watson & Crick - 1953) H bonds~ between paired bases van der Waals~ between stacked bases • A to T; C to G pairing • Complementary

  22. Chapter 5 AP Biology Essay Question, 1986 • Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic compounds in relation to cellular structure and function in plants and animals. • a. Carbohydrates • b. Proteins • c. Lipids • d. Nucleic acids

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