1 / 62

Search Engine Technology (1)

Search Engine Technology (1). Prof. Dragomir R. Radev radev@cs.columbia.edu. SET FALL 2013. … Introduction … … … …. Examples of search engines. Conventional (library catalog). Search by keyword, title, author, etc .

benjamin
Download Presentation

Search Engine Technology (1)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Search Engine Technology(1) Prof. Dragomir R. Radev radev@cs.columbia.edu

  2. SET FALL 2013 • … • Introduction • … • … • … • …

  3. Examples of search engines • Conventional (library catalog). Search by keyword, title, author, etc. • Text-based (Lexis-Nexis, Google, Yahoo!).Search by keywords. Limited search using queries in natural language. • Multimedia (QBIC, WebSeek, SaFe)Search by visual appearance (shapes, colors,… ). • Question answering systems (Ask, NSIR, Answerbus)Search in (restricted) natural language • Clustering systems (Vivísimo, Clusty) • Research systems (Lemur, Nutch)

  4. What does it take to build a search engine? • Decide what to index • Collect it • Index it (efficiently) • Keep the index up to date • Provide user-friendly query facilities

  5. What else? • Understand the structure of the web for efficient crawling • Understand user information needs • Preprocess text and other unstructured data • Cluster data • Classify data • Evaluate performance

  6. Goals of the course • Understand how search engines work • Understand the limits of existing search technology • Learn to appreciate the sheer size of the Web • Learn to write code for text indexing and retrieval • Learn about the state of the art in IR research • Learn to analyze textual and semi-structured data sets • Learn to appreciate the diversity of texts on the Web • Learn to evaluate information retrieval • Learn about standardized document collections • Learn about text similarity measures • Learn about semantic dimensionality reduction • Learn about the idiosyncracies of hyperlinked document collections • Learn about web crawling • Learn to use existing software • Understand the dynamics of the Web by building appropriate mathematical models • Build working systems that assist users in finding useful information on the Web

  7. Course logistics • Wednesdays 6:10-7:55 in 410 IAB • Dates: • Sep 4, 11, 18, 25 • Oct 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 • Nov 6, 13, 20, 27 • Dec 4 + final in mid-December, date TBA • URL: http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~cs6998/ • Instructor: Dragomir Radev • Email: radev@cs.columbia.edu • Office hours: TBA • TAs: Amit Ruparel and Ashlesha Shirbhate • {ar3202, ass2167}@columbia.edu • set_ta@lists.cs.columbia.edu

  8. Course outline • Classic document retrieval: storing, indexing, retrieval • Web retrieval: crawling, query processing. • Text and web mining: classification, clustering • Network analysis: random graph models, centrality, diameter and clustering coefficient

  9. Syllabus • Introduction. • Queries and Documents. Models of Information retrieval. The Boolean model. The Vector model. • Document preprocessing. Tokenization. Stemming. The Porter algorithm. Storing, indexing and searching text. Inverted indexes. • Word distributions. The Zipf distribution. The Benford distribution. Heap's law. TF*IDF. Vector space similarity and ranking. • Retrieval evaluation. Precision and Recall. F-measure. Reference collections. The TREC conferences. • Automated indexing/labeling. Compression and coding. Optimal codes. • String matching. Approximate matching. • Query expansion. Relevance feedback. • Text classification. Naive Bayes. Feature selection. Decision trees.

  10. Syllabus • Linear classifiers. k-nearest neighbors. Perceptron. Kernel methods. Maximum-margin classifiers. Support vector machines. Semi-supervised learning. • Lexical semantics and Wordnet. • Latent semantic indexing. Singular value decomposition. • Vector space clustering. k-means clustering. EM clustering. • Random graph models. Properties of random graphs: clustering coefficient, betweenness, diameter, giant connected component, degree distribution. • Social network analysis. Small worlds and scale-free networks. Power law distributions. Centrality. • Graph-based methods. Harmonic functions. Random walks. • PageRank. Hubs and authorities. Bipartite graphs. HITS. • Models of the Web.

  11. Syllabus • Crawling the web. Webometrics. Measuring the size of the web. The Bow-tie-method. • Hypertext retrieval. Web-based IR. Document closures. Focused crawling. • Question answering • Burstiness. Self-triggerability • Information extraction • Adversarial IR. Human behavior on the web. • Text summarization POSSIBLE TOPICS • Discovering communities, spectral clustering • Semi-supervised retrieval • Natural language processing. XML retrieval. Text tiling. Human behavior on the web.

  12. Readings • required: Information Retrieval by Manning, Schuetze, and Raghavan (http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/information-retrieval-book.html), freely available, hard copy for sale • optional: Modeling the Internet and the Web: Probabilistic Methods and Algorithms by Pierre Baldi, Paolo Frasconi, Padhraic Smyth, Wiley, 2003, ISBN: 0-470-84906-1 (http://ibook.ics.uci.edu). • papers from SIGIR, WWW and journals (to be announced in class).

  13. Prerequisites • Linear algebra: vectors and matrices. • Calculus: Finding extrema of functions. • Probabilities: random variables, discrete and continuous distributions, Bayes theorem. • Programming: experience with at least one web-aware programming language such as Perl (highly recommended) or Java in a UNIX environment. • Required CS account

  14. Course requirements • Three assignments (30%) • Some of them will be in Perl. The rest can be done in any appropriate language (e.g. Python or Java). All will involve some data analysis and evaluation. • Final project (30%) • Research paper or software system. • Class participation (10%) • Final exam (30%)

  15. Final project format • Research paper - using the SIGIR format. Students will be in charge of problem formulation, literature survey, hypothesis formulation, experimental design, implementation, and possibly submission to a conference like SIGIR or WWW. • Software system - develop a working system or API. Students will be responsible for identifying a niche problem, implementing it and deploying it, either on the Web or as an open-source downloadable tool. The system can be either stand alone or an extension to an existing one.

  16. Active research projects • Scientific paper analysis, bibliometrics • Citation analysis • Question answering • Social media • Political debates • Blogs and rumors • IR for the humanities • Health IR • Collective intelligence • Sentiment analysis and word polarity • Cartoons • Social networks

  17. More project ideas • Shingling • Build a language identification system. • Participate in the Netflix challenge. • Query log analysis. • Build models of Web evolution. • Information diffusion in blogs or web. • Author-topic models of web pages. • Using the web for machine translation. • News recommendation system. • Compress the text of Wikipedia (losslessly). • Spelling correction using query logs. • Automatic query expansion.

  18. List of projects from the past • Document Closures for Indexing • Tibet - Table Structure Recognition Library • Ruby Blog Memetracker • Sentence decomposition for more accurate information retrieval • Extracting Social Networks from LiveJournal • Google Suggest Programming Project (Java Swing Client and Lucene Back-End) • Leveraging Social Networks for Organizing and Browsing Shared Photographs • Media Bias and the Political Blogosphere • Measuring Similarity between search queries • Extracting Social Networks and Information about the people within them from Text • LSI + dependency trees

  19. Netflix challenge AOL query logs Blogs Bio papers AAN Email Generifs Web pages Political science corpus VAST del.icio.us SMS News data: aquaint, tdt, nantc, reuters, setimes, trec, tipster Europarl multilingual US congressional data DMOZ Pubmedcentral DUC/TAC Timebank Wikipedia wt2g/wt10g/wt100g dotgov RTE Paraphrases GENIA Generifs Hansards IMDB MTA/MTC nie cnnsumm Poliblog Sentiment xml epinions Enron Available corpora

  20. Related courses elsewhere • Stanford (Chris Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schuetze) • Cornell (Jon Kleinberg) • CMU (Yiming Yang and Jamie Callan) • UMass (James Allan) • UTexas (Ray Mooney) • Illinois (Chengxiang Zhai) • Johns Hopkins (David Yarowsky) • UNT (Rada Mihalcea)

  21. The size of the World Wide Web • The size of the indexed world wide web pages (By Sep.4, 2012) • Indexed by Google: about 40 billion pages • Indexed by Bing: about 16.5 billion pages • Indexed by Yahoo: about 4.8 billion pages http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/

  22. Twitter hits 400 million tweets per day (June, 2012. Dick Costolo, CEO at Twitter) • Over 2.5 billion photos uploaded to Facebook each month (2010. blog.facebook.com) • Google’s clusters process a total of more than 20 petabytes of data per day. (2008. Jeffrey Dean from Google [link])

  23. 55 Million WordPress Sites in the World • WordPress.com users produce about 500,000 new posts and 400,000 new comments on an average day http://en.wordpress.com/stats/

  24. Dynamically generated content • New pages get added all the time • The size of the blogosphere doubles every 6 months • Yahoo deals with 12TB of data per day (according to Ron Brachman)

  25. SET FALL 2013 … 2. Models of Information retrieval The Vector model The Boolean model … …

  26. Sample queries (from Excite) In what year did baseball become an offical sport? play station codes . com birth control and depression government "WorkAbility I"+conference kitchen appliances where can I find a chines rosewood tiger electronics 58 Plymouth Fury How does the character Seyavash in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh exhibit characteristics of a hero? emeril Lagasse Hubble M.S Subalaksmi running

  27. Key Terms Used in IR • QUERY: a representation of what the user is looking for - can be a list of words or a phrase. • DOCUMENT: an information entity that the user wants to retrieve • COLLECTION: a set of documents • INDEX: a representation of information that makes querying easier • TERM: word or concept that appears in a document or a query

  28. Mappings and abstractions Reality Data Information need Query From Robert Korfhage’s book

  29. Documents • Not just printed paper • Can be records, pages, sites, images, people, movies • Document encoding (Unicode) • Document representation • Document preprocessing (e.g., removing metadata) • Words, terms, types, tokens

  30. Sample query sessions (from AOL) • toley spies gramestolley spies gamestotally spies games • tajmahal restaurant brooklyn nytaj mahal restaurant brooklyn nytaj mahal restaurant brooklyn ny 11209 • do you love me like you saydo you love me like you say lyricsdo you love me like you say lyrics marvin gaye

  31. Characteristics of user queries • Sessions: users revisit their queries. • Very short queries: typically 2 words long. • A large number of typos. • A small number of popular queries. A long tail of infrequent ones. • Almost no use of advanced query operators with the exception of double quotes

  32. Queries as documents • Advantages: • Mathematically easier to manage • Problems: • Different lengths • Syntactic differences • Repetitions of words (or lack thereof)

  33. Document representations • Term-document matrix (m x n) • Document-document matrix (n x n) • Typical example in a medium-sized collection: 3,000,000 documents (n) with 50,000 terms (m) • Typical example on the Web: n=30,000,000,000, m=1,000,000 • Boolean vs. integer-valued matrices

  34. Storage issues • Imagine a medium-sized collection with n=3,000,000 and m=50,000 • How large a term-document matrix will be needed? • Is there any way to do better? Any heuristic?

  35. Tokenizing text • (CNN) -- A tropical storm has strengthened into Hurricane Leslie in the Atlantic Ocean, forecasters said Wednesday. • The slow-moving storm could affect Bermuda this weekend, according to the National Hurricane Center in Miami. • The Category 1 hurricane was churning Wednesday afternoon about 465 miles (750 kilometers) south-southeast of the British territory and moving north at 2 mph (4 kph), the hurricane center said. http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/05/world/americas/bermuda-hurricane-leslie/index.html

  36. Inverted index • Instead of an incidence vector, use a posting table • CLEVELAND: D1, D2, D6 • OHIO: D1, D5, D6, D7 • Use linked lists to be able to insert new document postings in order and to remove existing postings. • Can be used to compute document frequency • Keep everything sorted! This gives you a logarithmic improvement in access.

  37. Basic operations on inverted indexes • Conjunction (AND) – iterative merge of the two postings: O(x+y) • Disjunction (OR) – very similar • Negation (NOT) – can we still do it in O(x+y)? • Example: MICHIGAN AND NOT OHIO • Example: MICHIGAN OR NOT OHIO • Recursive operations • Optimization: start with the smallest sets

  38. Major IR models • Boolean • Vector • Probabilistic • Language modeling • Fuzzy retrieval • Latent semantic indexing

  39. The Boolean model Venn diagrams z x w y D1 D2

  40. Boolean queries • Operators: AND, OR, NOT, parentheses • Example: • CLEVELAND AND NOT OHIO • (MICHIGAN AND INDIANA) OR (TEXAS AND OKLAHOMA) • Ambiguous uses of AND and OR in human language • Exclusive vs. inclusive OR • Restrictive operator: AND or OR?

  41. Canonical forms of queries • De Morgan’s Laws: NOT (A AND B) = (NOT A) OR (NOT B) NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B) • Normal forms • Conjunctive normal form (CNF) • Disjunctive normal form (DNF) • Some people swear by CNF - why?

  42. Evaluating Boolean queries • Incidence vectors: • CLEVELAND: 1100010 • OHIO: 1000111 • Examples: • CLEVELAND AND OHIO • CLEVELAND AND NOT OHIO • CLEVALAND OR OHIO

  43. Exercise • D1 = “computer information retrieval” • D2 = “computer retrieval” • D3 = “information” • D4 = “computer information” • Q1 = “information AND retrieval” • Q2 = “information AND NOT computer”

  44. Exercise ((chaucer OR milton) AND (NOT swift)) OR ((NOT chaucer) AND (swift OR shakespeare))

  45. SET FALL 2013 … 3. Document preprocessing. Tokenization. Stemming. The Porter algorithm. Storing, indexing and searching text. Inverted indexes. …

  46. Document preprocessing • Dealing with formatting and encoding issues • Hyphenation, accents, stemming, capitalization • Tokenization: • USA vs. U.S.A. – equivalence class • Paul’s, Willow Dr., Dr. Willow, 555-1212, New York, ad hoc, can’t • Example: “The New York-Los Angeles flight” • Hewlett-Packard • numbers, e.g., (888) 555-1313, 1-888-555-1313 • dates, e.g., Jan-13-2012, 20120113, 13 January 2012, 01/13/12 • MIT, mit (in German)?

More Related