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Measurement 變數測量 （構念的操作化）

8. Measurement 變數測量 （構念的操作化）. 中央大學 . 資訊管理系 范錚強 mailto: ckfarn@mgt.ncu.edu.tw 2010.04. Learning Objectives. Understand . . . The distinction between measuring objects, properties, and indicants of properties.

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Measurement 變數測量 （構念的操作化）

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  1. 8 Measurement 變數測量（構念的操作化） 中央大學.資訊管理系 范錚強 mailto: ckfarn@mgt.ncu.edu.tw 2010.04

  2. Learning Objectives Understand . . . • The distinction between measuring objects, properties, and indicants of properties. • The similarities and differences between the four scale types used in measurement and when each is used. • The four major sources of measurement error. • The criteria for evaluating good measurement. 中央資管：范錚強

  3. Why Measurement Is Important “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it.” Bob Donath, Bob Donath and Co, Inc 中央資管：范錚強

  4. Measurement Selecting measurable phenomena Developing a set of mapping rules Applying the mapping rule to each phenomenon 中央資管：范錚強

  5. Characteristics of Measurement 中央資管：范錚強

  6. Types of Scales Nominal （男、女）；（製造業、服務業） Ordinal （大、中、小） interval （溫度） Ratio （長度； 速度） 中央資管：范錚強

  7. Levels of Measurement Nominal Classification Ordinal interval Ratio 中央資管：范錚強

  8. Nominal Scales • Mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories • Exhibits the classificationcharacteristic only 中央資管：范錚強

  9. Levels of Measurement Nominal Classification Ordinal Classification Order interval Ratio 中央資管：范錚強

  10. Ordinal Scales • Characteristics of nominal scale plus an indication of order • Implies statement of greater than and less than 中央資管：范錚強

  11. Levels of Measurement Nominal Classification Ordinal Classification Order interval Classification Distance Order Ratio 中央資管：范錚強

  12. Interval Scales • Characteristics of nominal and ordinal scales plus the concept of equality of interval. • Equal distance exists between numbers 中央資管：范錚強

  13. Levels of Measurement Nominal Classification Ordinal Classification Order interval Classification Distance Order Ratio Classification Distance Order Natural Origin 中央資管：范錚強

  14. Ratio Scales • Characteristics of previous scales plus an absolute zero point • Examples • Weight • Height • Number of children 中央資管：范錚強

  15. Moving from Investigative to Measurement Questions 中央資管：范錚強

  16. Sources of Error Respondent Situation Measurer Instrument 中央資管：范錚強

  17. Validity Reliability Practicality Evaluating Measurement Tools Criteria 中央資管：范錚強

  18. 在一個構念經由多個外顯 (manifest) 項目來測量之下，有以下效度 Validity Determinants Content Criterion Construct 中央資管：范錚強

  19. 構念層次 因果關係：實徵支持 X Y 學說：因果關係 操作化 操作化 x y 因果、共變關係 統計結論 測量 誤差 誤差 實質層次 操弄、測量 理論驗證 中央資管：范錚強

  20. 構念效度的種類 • Construct Validity 構念效度 • 測量工具是否在整體上，反映了該理論構念 • Face Validity 表面效度 • 每一個外顯項目都和所測量的構念相關 • Content Validity 內容效度 • 所有外顯項目合在一起，涵蓋所測量的構念 • Convergent Validity 收斂效度 • 用不同測量工具來衡量同一構念，結果需要收斂 • Discriminant validity區別效度 • 用相同測量工具來衡量不同構念，結果需要能被區別 中央資管：范錚強

  21. Multi-trait Multi-method Matrix Correlations Matrix • 用同一個方法來衡量不同的構念 • 用不同方法來衡量同一個構念 • 對角線用 Cronbach’s alpha 取代 • 內部一致性 (ca) 係數要比Hetero-method Mono-trait (hm) 係數高 • hm 係數要比 mh/hh 係數高 • mh 和 hh 係數的三角形 pattern 要相同 中央資管：范錚強

  22. 構念效度的種類2 • Nomological Validity 法理效度 • the degree to which a construct behaves as it should within a system of related constructs called a nomological set. • Criterion validity 效標效度 • 若已經驗證的理論中，X 影響 Y。建構的新測量工具衡量 X 的時候，其結果需要能預測 Y • Concurrent validity同步效度 • 用該工具與另一個之前已經驗證過的工具來測量，兩者的結果應該要高度相關 • Predictive validity 預測效度 • 用該工具測量出來的結果，應該能夠預測之前已經驗證過的工具測量的結果 中央資管：范錚強

  23. Increasing Content Validity Content Literature Search Etc. Expert Interviews Question Database Group Interviews 中央資管：范錚強

  24. Validity Determinants Content Construct 中央資管：范錚強

  25. Increasing Construct Validity New measure of trust Known measure of trust Empathy Credibility 中央資管：范錚強

  26. Validity Determinants Content Criterion Construct 中央資管：范錚強

  27. JudgingCriterion Validity Relevance Criterion Freedom from bias Reliability Availability 中央資管：范錚強

  28. 信度 Reliability • 測量工具的穩定度、可靠度 • 重測信度、折半信度、複本信度 • 測量工具的內部一致性 • 項目間的信度(e.g. Cronbach a) • 評分員間的信度 中央資管：范錚強

  29. Understanding Validity and Reliability 中央資管：范錚強

  30. Reliability Estimates Stability Internal Consistency Equivalence 中央資管：范錚強

  31. 信度相關的名稱 • Internal consistency reliability: 內部一致性 • Inter-rater reliability: 評分員之間的一致性 • Test-retest reliability: 再測信度 • 用同一測量工具對同一個受測對象測量，結果之間的一致性（包含評分員內部 Intra-rater reliability ） • Inter-method reliability: 用不同測量工具對同一個受測對象測量，結果之間的一致性 • Parallel-forms reliability/ Duplicate-forms reliability: 複本信度 • 同上，採用不同份題目（常使用在考試） • Split-half reliability: 折半信度 • 考試題目，前後半的一致性 中央資管：范錚強

  32. Practicality Economy Convenience Interpretability 中央資管：范錚強

  33. 測量理論 Measurement Theory • 所有測量，必然影響受測量標的的行為表現 • 衡量人的任何行為，必然影響其行為表現 • 衡量學生的成績，會使他們用功，因而影響成績 • 衡量高速公路上的車速，會使他們在合法速度下行進 中央資管：范錚強

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