Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire 400 A.D. – 1300 A.D.

3. Key Events • The new European civilization was formed by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church • The collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire led to feudalism • In the 1100’s, European monarchs began to build strong states • While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean

4. The Impact Today • Ancient Roman literacy works exist today because they were copied by monks • The influence of English common law is seen in our American legal system • Byzantine architecture inspired building styles in Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia

5. Chapter Preview “The Crowning of Charlemagne”

6. Section 1 Transforming the Roman World

7. The New Germanic Kingdoms • 3rd Century – 5th Century (Visigoths occupied Spain and Italy) • Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th Century • By 500 A.D. the Western Roman Empire was replaced by various states with German kings as rulers • Roman structure of government remained, but eventually Romans were excluded from holding power

8. The Kingdom of the Franks • Longest lasting of the German states • Established by Clovis, a strong military leader who became the 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity (500 A.D.) • Occupied modern day France and western Germany • After his death his sons divided the kingdom among themselves

9. Germanic Society • Over time, Germans and Romans intermarried and began to create a new society • The crucial social bond among the Germanic peoples was the family (Worked the land together and provided protection for one another)

10. German Law • Germanic law was personal. To avoid bloodshed a new system developed based on a fine called wergild. • One means of determining guilt was the ordeal. It was based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent.

11. Roman Catholic Church Organization • Local parishes were led by priests • A group of parishes was headed by a bishop • Their area of authority was known as a bishopric, or diocese • The bishoprics were joined together under the direction of an archbishop • Peter was the first bishop of Rome. The bishops of Rome became the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church (Later known as popes)

12. The Monks and Their Missions • A monk is a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God. • The practice of living the life of a monk is known as monasticism. • In the 6th century, Saint Benedict founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules. • Many monks were missionaries

13. Charlemagne and the Carolingians • Charles the Great (Charlemagne) took over the Frankish kingdom in 768 • Ruled from 768 – 814 and expanded the Frankish kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire • In 800 he acquired the title of “emperor of the Romans” (A German king had been crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope – A new civilization had emerged)

14. Charlemagne’s Empire

15. Section 2 Feudalism

16. The Invaders • After Charlemagne’s death in 814 the Carolingian empire was divided into thirds among his grandsons. • Invasions of western Europe in the ninth and tenth century: • Muslims • Magyars • Vikings • Invasion Map on page 292.

17. Vikings • Great love of adventure and search for treasures of war led them to Europe • 9th century – Sacked villages, destroyed churches, and easily defeated small local armies. • They were given a section of France that became known as Normandy in 911 A.D. • Converted to Christianity and soon became a part of European civilization

18. The Development of Feudalism • With the many invasions it became difficult for centralized governments to defend the people • A new political social system called feudalism developed • Warriors swore loyalty to leaders and the leaders took care of the warriors needs. • A man who served a lord in a military capacity was known as a vassal.

19. Knights • For hundreds of years warfare in Europe was dominated by heavily armored cavalry, or knights, as they came to be known. • Land was the most important gift a lord could give to a vassal - became known as a fief. • Feudal contract between a lord and vassal – Quote on page 293.

20. Medieval Knights

21. Feudal System **Kings** ****Lords**** ******Knights****** ********Serfs********

22. Nobility of Middle Ages • Young Knights had little to do but fight… • Tournaments (Contests where knights showed their fighting skills) began in the 12th Century • Tournaments were used as a training ground for war • Chivalry began in the 11th/12th centuries

23. Jousting

24. Aristocratic Women • Most women remained under the control of men (Their fathers until marriage, and then their husbands) • Since the lord was often away at war the lady of the castle had to manage the estate: • Managed the household officials and servants • Took care of the financial accounts • Oversaw the food supply • Maintained all other household supplies

25. Section 3 The Growth of European Kingdoms

26. England in the High Middle Ages • Since the late 9th century, England had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon Kings • In 1066 an army of Knights under William of Normandy soundly defeated England and King Harold • An Anglo-Saxon and French newly merged culture developed as Normans married the Anglo-Saxon

27. Henry II • King Henry II ruled England from 1154 – 1189. • Expanded the power of the royal courts and in turn expanded the king’s power • In addition, because the royal courts were now found throughout England, a body of common law began to replace law codes that varied from place to place

28. Magna Carta • English nobles rebelled against King John in 1215 (Resented the growth of the King’s power) • King John was forced to sign the Magna Cartaat Runnymede. • The Magna Carta limited the King’s power and recognized that the relationship between king and nobles was based on mutual rights and obligations

29. The French Kingdom • The reign of King Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223) was a turning point in the growth of the French monarchy. • He gained control of many territories and increased the income of the French. • French Parliament began under Philip IV (3 estates (classes)) • Clergy (first estate) • Nobles (second estate) • Townspeople and peasants (third estate)

30. The Holy Roman Empire • Many years of struggle between the popes and emperors had negative effects on the Holy Roman Empire. • By spending their time fighting in Italy, the German Emperors left Germany in the hands of powerful German lords. These nobles created their own independent kingdoms. • Both Germany and Italy consisted of many small, independent states.

31. Central and Eastern Europe • The Slavic peoples were originally a single people in central Europe. • Gradually they divided into 3 separate groups • Western Slavs • Eastern Slavs • Southern Slavs • Review map on page 300 regarding the Migration of the Slavic peoples

32. The Development of Russia • Swedish Vikings created the first Russian state; “The Principality of Kiev” at the beginning of the 10th century • In the 13th century the Mongols conquered Russia. • The Mongols awarded Alexander Nevsky (Prince of Novgorod) the title of Grand Prince. His descendants became princes of Moscow and eventually leaders of all Russia.

33. Section 4 The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

34. The Reign of Justinian • Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527 • By 552 he had restored the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world. • However, 3 years after his death in 565, much of the area was soon lost • His most important contribution was The body of Civil law.

35. From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire • By the beginning of the 8th century due to military defeats, the Eastern Roman Empire was much smaller • This smaller empire becomes known as the Byzantine Empire and lasts until 1453 • The emperor exercised control over the church (appointed the patriarch) as well as the state

36. Constantinople and Trade • Medieval Europe’s greatest center of trade until the 12th century • Central location between the west and the east • Received products from the east and shipped to the Mediterranean area and northern Europe (Silk, spices, jewelry, ivory, wheat, furs, honey)

37. Hagia Sophia

38. New Heights and New Problems • By 1025 Macedonian emperors expanded the empire to its largest size since the beginning of the 7th century • Power struggles led to social disorder in the late 11th century • Also troubled by a split between its church which began the schism • In 1071 Byzantine forces suffered a devastating defeat to the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)

39. The Crusades • Crusades – (11th to 13th centuries) European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. • Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to provide papal leadership to a great cause; the rallying of warriors of Europe for the liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the infidels.

40. Early Crusades • 1st Crusade – Mostly French Warriors; took over Jerusalem in 1099 and created 4 Latin crusader states • 2nd Crusade – A total failure. Tried to hold off Muslim forces. In 1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces. • 3rd Crusade – Led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I of England, and Philip II (King of France). Richard I negotiates a settlement with Saladin (Muslim).

41. Later Crusades • 4th Crusade – Initiated by Pope Innocent III. Diverted to Constantinople, the crusaders sacked the city in 1204. It wasn’t until 1261 that a Byzantine army recaptured the city of Constantinople. • Children’s Crusade – Review map and map notes on page 307.

42. Chapter 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire Wrap Up and Review

43. Key Events (Re-visited) • The new European civilization was formed by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church • The collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire led to feudalism • In the 1100’s, European monarchs began to build strong states • While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean

44. The Impact Today (Re-visited) • Ancient Roman literacy works exist today because they were copied by monks • The influence of English common law is seen in our American legal system • Byzantine architecture inspired building styles in Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia