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Classification & Identification of English Speech Sounds

Classification & Identification of English Speech Sounds. Phonetics. Before proceeding further …. Please download and install IPA font files to see the phonetic symbols used in the slides. Click here or visit SIL webpage . Types of speech sounds. Segmentals Consonants Vowels

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Classification & Identification of English Speech Sounds

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  1. Classification & Identification of English Speech Sounds Phonetics

  2. Before proceeding further … • Please download and install IPA font files to see the phonetic symbols used in the slides. • Click here or visit SIL webpage. SONUS Reviving

  3. Types of speech sounds • Segmentals • Consonants • Vowels • Semivowels • Suprasegmentals • Stress • Pitch • Intonation • Rhythm SONUS Reviving

  4. English speech sounds:Segmentals • Consonants • Sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked or so restricted that audible friction is produced. • Eg) p, t, k, m, n, l • Vowels • Sounds articulated without a complete closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible friction • The air escapes evenly over the centre of the tongue. • Eg) a, e, I, o, u, aI/ay, aU/aw • Semi-vowels (glides) • Sounds functioning as a consonant but lacking the phonetic characteristics normally associated with consonants • Their quality is phonetically that of vowel. • Eg) j/y, w SONUS Reviving

  5. English Consonants Sounds produced with major obstruction to airflow in the vocal tract

  6. English consonants • Criteria for distinction • Primary articulation • Voicing • Whether the vocal cords are vibrating during the production of a particular consonant • Places of articulation • The specific positions of constriction in the vocal tract where individual sounds are produced • Manners of articulation • The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract • Secondary articulation • Aspiration • Unreleasing • … SONUS Reviving

  7. Voicing • Related to phonation • Voiced • Vocal cords vibrating • Examples • Vowels, sonorants [a, e, m, r …] • Voiceless • Glottis kept open • Examples • Voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, s …] • Cognates • Phonemes that differ only in voicing • example) /p/&/b/, /s/&/z/ SONUS Reviving

  8. bilabial labiodental interdental (apico)dental alveolar alveopalatal (postalveolar, palato-alveolar) palatal (dorso)velar uvular pharyngeal glottal Places of articulation SONUS Reviving

  9. Obstruents stop (plosive) (non-continuant) complete closure abrupt release fricative (continuant) partial obstruction turbulence airflow affricate (non-continuant) complete closure delayed release Sonorants nasal liquid lateral retroflex flap(tap) trill (eg. French uvular trill [R]) glide Manners of articulation SONUS Reviving

  10. English consonant chart SONUS Reviving

  11. English consonant chart SONUS revivig

  12. Other symbols • retroflex approximant • Alternative transcription of /r/ • ã voiceless (labio)velar approximant/fricative • eg. whet, anywhere in GA SONUS Reviving

  13. Describing consonant symbols • voicing-place-manner • examples • [p] voiceless bilabial stop • [z] voiced alveolar fricative • Class description • [p, t, k] voiceless stops • [p, t, k, b, d, g, ?] stops SONUS Reviving

  14. English Vowels Sounds without major obstruction to airflow in the vocal tract

  15. Difficulties in vowel analyses • Different classifications by different scholars • More variations than consonants • English accents differ most noticeably in their vowel systems. • Eg) GA vs RP • Different transcriptions • Eg) [i, I, e, E] vs [iù, i, eI, e] • Reason for difficulties • No contact or proximity of articulators in vowel production SONUS Reviving

  16. Vowel Types • Monophthong • A vowel where there is no detectable change in quality during a syllable • eg: [a, u] • Diphthong • A vowel where there is a single (perceptual) noticeable change in quality during a syllable • eg: [aj, wi] SONUS Reviving

  17. Monophthongs • Criteria for vowel classification • tongue height • tongue backness • tenseness • lip rounding • nasality • length SONUS Reviving

  18. Vowel chart: monophthongs SONUS Reviving

  19. Vowel chart: monophthongs SONUS Reviving

  20. Vowels of RP vs GA • RP • Shcwa [«]occurs only in unstressed syllables. • Elsewhere: [Î] • eg) purr, stern, heard, fir • Distinction between [A] & [] • [A]: palm, father, far • []: pot, rob, box • GA • Shcwa [«]occurs only in unstressed syllables or before [r] • No distinction between [A] & [] • [A]: palm, father, far, pot, rob, box SONUS Reviving

  21. Diphthongs • Definition • A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a single vowel. • Types • On-glide diphthong: Glide + Vowel (not English phonemes but two separate segments) • Off-glide diphthong: Vowel + Glide SONUS Reviving

  22. GA diphthongs: GA • GA (midwestern) • [aj ej aw j ow] ( or [aI eI aU I oU] ) • GA (California) • [aj aw j] ( or [aI aU oU] ) • RP • [aj ej aw j «w ] • [I« E« U«] centering diphthongs SONUS Reviving

  23. Glide + vowel sequences in English SONUS Reviving

  24. Glide + vowel sequences in English SONUS Reviving

  25. Describing vowel symbols • Height-backness-tenseness-rounding • examples • [i] high front tense (unrounded) vowel • [Q] low front (lax) (unrounded) vowel • Class description • examples • [i, I, e, E, Q] front (unrounded) vowels • [i, u] high tense vowels SONUS Reviving

  26. Diacritics for secondary articulations Reviving SONUS

  27. Describing secondary articulation symbols • Consonants • voicing-(place 2nd)-place-(manner 2nd)-manner • examples • [p] voiceless bilabial stop • [pH] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop • [pJ py] voiceless palatalized bilabial stop • [pHJ] voiceless palatalized bilabial aspirated stop • Vowels • Height-backness-tenseness-rounding-2nd • Examples • [E)] mid front lax unrounded nasalised vowel SONUS Reviving

  28. Links • Interactive sagittal section, by Daniel Currie Hall University of Toronto SONUS Reviving

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