The Age of Revolutions in the Atlantic World

1. The Age of Revolutionsin the Atlantic World WOH4234 Francisco de Goya, The Third of May 1808 (1814)

2. Learning Objectives • What was the Age of Revolutions? • How did imperial infrastructures and wars prepare for the Age of Revolutions? • How did Europe react to colonial revolution? • How did colonial revolution spread to Europe? • How did European revolution impact colonies? • What were the lasting results of revolutions?

3. An Age of Revolutions What is the Age of Revolutions? A worldwide series of revolutions, 1750-1850 • American Revolution, 1776-1783 • French Revolution, 1789-1799 • Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 • Napoleonic Europe, 1799-1815 • Latin-American Revolutions, 1808-1833 • Communist Manifesto & Revolutions of 1848

4. An Age of Revolutions Why an Age of Revolutions? • The revolutions that occurred in the Atlantic world, 1750-1850, were not just coincidental, but shared common themes, causes and effects. • Thinking about this era as an Age of Revolutions helps historians explore what connects these revolutions, as well as what makes each revolution a unique historical event.

5. Mixing the Powder • Empires and Colonies • Eurocentrism • An Integrated Atlantic • New Communities, New Identities

6. Priming the Pan The First World War? • War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 • War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 • Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763

7. Sparks of Conflict • Metropoles spend to defend colonial interests • Metropoles maximize profits to offset expense • Colonies consolidate, organize for self-defense • Colonies bartered during peace process

8. The Shot Heard Round the World • Colonial grievances arise from metropoles recouping costs of Seven Years’ War • Colonists rally around concepts ofself-sufficiency gained through conflicts • Colonists exploit military experience from metropole conflicts • Other metropoles intervene to further European ambitions

9. Aux armes, citoyens! • Colonists become examples for metropolitans • The Republican idea: states without monarchs • Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité • Constitutionalism, democracy,conscription, secularization

10. A Whiff of Grapeshot • Reaction and repercussion • Consolidation and offensive • From Portugal to Moscow

11. Combustion • Liberté, Égalité, Slavery?Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 • Trafalgar, 1805 • Continental System, 1806 • Abdications of Bayonne, 1808 • Portuguese monarchy flees to Brazil, 1808

12. 1808 • Napoleon forcesBourbons toabdicate • Napoleon appointsbrother Joseph as king • People reject new king andelect Juntas

13. 1809 • Supreme Juntaforms in Spain • Most colonies sendrepresentatives • Others rebel due tolack of representation • New Spain Junta effort fails

14. 1810 • French armiesvictorious in Spain • Supreme Juntadissolves under pressure • Colonies begin to formnew Juntas

15. 1811 • First Republicof Venezuelabecomes first colonyto declare independence • Declaration states coloniesgained right to self-ruleafter Bayonne abdications

16. 1812 • Cádiz Cortesproduces firstSpanish Constitution • Civil war in Venezuela • French invade Russia • Britain and America beginWar of 1812

17. 1813 • Paraguay andMexico declareindependence • Simón Bolívar beginsrestoration of Venezuela • Allies gain the upper handin the Peninsular War

18. 1814 • Allies defeatNapoleon andrestore Ferdinand VII • Ferdinand repealsConstitution of 1812 • Reconquista: Royalistsgain upper hand in colonies

19. 1815 • Royalist forcescontinue advances • Spain sends 10,000soldiers and 60 ships • Napoleon returns fromexile for the Hundred Days • Napoleon defeated at Waterloo

20. 1816 • Civil wars continue • Royalist forcesreach Texas • United Provinces of theRío de la Plata consolidatepower in South America

21. 1817 • Height of royalistReconquista • José de San Martíninvades Chile from theUnited Provinces

22. 1818 • Chile declaresindependence

23. 1819 • Fighting continues • Spain cedes Floridato United States • United States renouncesclaims to Texas • Spain organizes expeditionbut fails to send it to America

24. 1820 • Liberals forceFerdinand torestore constitution • United Provinces begininvasion of Peru

25. 1821 • Restoration ofConstitution allowsself-rule in Americas • Royalist leader in Mexicojoins guerrillas, establishesMexican Empire loyal to king • Bolívar unites Gran Columbia

26. 1822 • Mexico elects kingAgustín de Iturbide • Dominican Republicdeclares independence • United States recognizesChile, United Provinces, Peru,Gran Columbia, and Mexico

27. 1823 • Iturbide losessupport, restoresConstituent Congress,abdicates and flees • Britain recognizes UnitedProvinces but contestsclaims to Falkland Islands

28. 1824 • French invadeSpain to restoremonarchy • Bolívar defeats Spanishat the Battle of Ayacucho

29. 1825 • Last major Spanishforce surrendersin Upper Peru • Britain recognizes Mexicoand Gran Columbia • Spain retains control of Cubaand Puerto Rico until 1898

30. Repercussions • New states • New trade • New technologies • New ideas

31. Discussion • What was the Age of Revolutions? • How did imperial infrastructures and wars prepare for the Age of Revolutions? • How did Europe react to colonial revolution? • How did colonial revolution spread to Europe? • How did European revolution impact colonies? • What were the lasting results of revolutions?

33. Key Terms • Age of Revolutions • Eurocentrism • Creolism • Self-rule, self-government • Virtual Representation • Independence • Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité • Constitution(alism) • Democracy • Conscription • Secularization • Revolution • Cortes • Junta • Libertadores