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EOCT Review

EOCT Review. Physics. Section 1: Motion, Forces, and Energy SPS 7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. SPS 8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. Speed and Velocity : SPS 8a. Calculate velocity and acceleration.

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EOCT Review

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  1. EOCT Review Physics

  2. Section 1: Motion, Forces, and EnergySPS 7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system.SPS 8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion.

  3. Speed and Velocity: SPS 8a. Calculate velocity and acceleration. • Speed is how fast an object is going with respect to an object. • Velocityis a measure of the speed in a given direction. • You can say the top speed of an airplane is 300 kilometers per hour (kph). But its velocity is 300 kph in a northeast direction. Calculating speed or velocity • Speed= distance/ time • velocity= distance/time; directions Calculate the following: • Bob travels 300 km in 10 hrs towards the store. • Ashley swims 50 m in 10 seconds.

  4. Acceleration:SPS 8a. Calculate velocity and acceleration. • Acceleration is the increase of velocity over a period of time. • Deceleration is the decrease of velocity. • Acceleration = final velocity- initial velocity/ time or a = vf- vi/ t Change in acceleration: • Caused by a change in speed • Caused by a change in direction Calculate the acceleration • A train traveling 20 meters per second takes 10 seconds to stop. • A boy gains a speed of 5 m/s after running for 20 seconds.

  5. Newton’s Laws of Motion: SPS 8b. Apply Newton’s 3 Laws to everyday situations by explaining the following: inertia, relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, and equal and opposite forces. • Newton’s 1st Law: An object at reststays at rest, and an object in motionstays in motion, with the same direction and speed unless acted on by unbalanced force. (Also called the Law of Inertia) • Newton’s 2nd Law: F= ma • Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces are found in pairs.

  6. Newton’s 1st Law • The ladder continues to move forward even though the truck stops.

  7. Newton’s 2nd Law • F= ma • The force required to move the car is 50N. F m a

  8. Newton’s 3rd Law

  9. Forces and Gravitation: SPS 8c. Relate falling objects to gravitational force. Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the Earth. It is affected by mass and distance. • The equation for the force of gravity is F or W = mg. Acceleration due to gravityThe acceleration due to the force of gravity on Earth is g: 9.8 m/s2 . WeightThe weight of an object is the measurement of the force of gravity on that object. You weigh something on a scale, according to the force that the Earth pulls it down: w = mg; where w is the weight in Newtons (N)

  10. Mass and Weight: SPS 8d. Explain the difference between mass and weight. • Massis a measure of how much matter an object has. • Weight is a measure of how strongly gravity pulls on that matter. • Mass is constant, but the weight may change.

  11. Section 2: Work and Mechanical Advantage: SPS 8e. Calculate amounts of work and mechanical advantage using simple machines.

  12. Simple Machines • Machines are devices that make work easier. • Machines do work ( W = F • d ) with just one movement • Compound machines require more than one movement to do work. • There are six simple machines: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.

  13. Simple Machines • Since a machine has parts that are in contact with other things, friction is produced. So in the real world, a machine can never be 100% efficient. • Efficiency = Work output/ Work input x 100% Wheel and axle

  14. Mechanical AdvantageSPS 8e. Calculate amounts of work and mechanical advantage using simple machines. Formula for Force Formula for Distance MA = Input distance (slope) Output distance (height) MA= 12m/6m MA= 2 • MA =Resistance force (Fr) Effort force (Fe) • MA= 100kg/50 kg • MA= 2

  15. Section 3: Energy and Energy Transformations SPS 7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system.SPS 7a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match.)

  16. Energy:SPS 7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system.SPS 7a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match.)

  17. 3 Methods of Heat TransferSPS 7b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation.

  18. Conduction

  19. Convection

  20. Radiation

  21. Insulator vs. Conductor

  22. Calculating Specific HeatSPS 7c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature. • The amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1 K

  23. Section 4: Waves, Electricity, and Magnetism SPS9- Students will investigate the properties of wavesSPS10: Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism.

  24. SPS9a. Recognize that all waves transfer energy. • A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or through space. • Some waves, like sound waves, must travel through matter, these waves are called mechanical waves. • Other waves, like light do not require a medium and can travel through space. These waves are called electromagnetic waves.

  25. SPS9e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums .

  26. SPS9e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums Wave Speed through different mediums • Sound travels fastest in solids. • Sounds travels slowest in gases? Sound travels faster in solids because particles are closer together in solids than in gases, and therefore energy moves faster! Liquid Solid Gas

  27. Longitudinal vs. Transverse • Waves can be either longitudinal (compression) or transverse. Label the parts of the wave below. Longitudinal Transverse

  28. Relating Frequency and Wavelength: SPS 9b. Relate frequency and wavelength to the electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves. Frequencyis how fast the wave is moving. If you stand in one spot and watch a wave go by, it is the number of crests that go by in a second. • Waves with long wavelengths have a low frequency. Waves with short wavelengths have a high frequency. The higher the frequency, the more energy a wave has. • The speed or velocity of a wave depends on the wavelength and the frequency. The formula for wave speed is: • Speed = wavelength x frequency

  29. Frequency vs. Wavelength • What happens to the wavelength as the frequency decreases? • Which wave has more energy? Why? A. B.

  30. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: SPS 9c. Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound waves). • The electromagnetic spectrum is a set of electromagnetic waves in order of wavelength and frequency. • a long wavelength has a low frequency • a short wavelength has a high frequency. • What happens to frequency as you move from left to right? Wavelengths? Energy? • Which wave has the longest wavelength? Shortest? • Which wave has the highest frequency? Lowest? • Which wave has the most energy? Least? • F Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual X-tra Gardens

  31. Wave Interactions: SPS 9d. Students will investigate the phenomenon of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. • When a wave hits a piece of matter, the wave can be absorbed or it can be reflected.

  32. Wave Interaction Reflection Refraction The bending of waves due to a change in speed. Examples include prisms, lenses like glasses and contacts, and a mirage. • The bouncing back after a wave strikes an object that it cannot pass through.

  33. Wave Interaction Diffraction Interference • The bending of waves around a barrier. When it encounters a barrier, the wave can go around it. • Examples include sound waves bending to come around a corner, or underneath a door

  34. Doppler EffectSPS 9f. Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions. • Who hears a higher pitched sound? Why?

  35. Electricity Electricity & Magnetism: SPS10: Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism SPS10a. Investigate static electricity in terms of friction, induction, and conduction.

  36. Static Electricity • Static - some of the outer electrons are held very loosely. • They can move from one atom to another. • An atom that loses electrons has more protons than electrons. It is positively charged- cation • An atom that gains electrons has more electrons than protons. It has a negative charge- anion. • A charged atom is called an "ion."

  37. Static Electricity • Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charges.

  38. Current Electricity: SPS10b Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current; the relationship between voltage, resistance and current; simple, series, and parallel circuits

  39. Electricity • To make "something" (refrigerator, light, computer, radio controlled car, sewing machine......) turn on we need: • an appropriate source of electricity (battery/outlet), • metal wires insulated with plastic, • a switch • and the “thing”. • We connect them in a distinct sequence for the thing to work.

  40. Source of Energy • In the case of DC (Direct Current – (battery) current flows in one direction only), it has a limited life than is unusable so we throw it away. • -In the case of AC (alternating Current – (wall plug) current flows back and forth (changes direction)) the power company provides the electricity, it is far closer to limitless as an energy source.

  41. Electric Current • The flow of electrons is called a current, an electric current • Current flows from high to low energy. • The formula for calculating voltage is: • V = R x I V R I

  42. Circuits SeriesCircuits Parallel Circuits In a parallel circuit each device is directly connected to the power source. This means that each device receives the same voltage. 2+ loops • The current must flow through one device to get to the next device. This means that the rate of current flow through all devices is the same. • 1 loop

  43. Series Circuit vs. Parallel Circuits Series Parallel Has two or more paths for electrons to flow down Current is shared between the branches • Has a single loop for electrons to travel round • Components are connected one after another • Current has to travel through all components

  44. Magnetism SPS 10c: Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to electromagnets; simple motors; and permanent magnets.

  45. MagnetismSPS 10c: Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to electromagnets; simple motors; and permanent magnets. • Magnetism is a universal force like gravity. • A magnet always has two poles - north and south. • Like poles repel each other and opposite poles attract.

  46. Temporary Magnet vs. Permanent Magnet Temporary Magnet Permanent Magnet A magnet that maintains its magnetic properties forever. Ex: magnetite and lodestone • Has magnetic properties for a short time. • Ex: electromagnet

  47. Electromagnetism • Electricity can produce a magnetic field and magnetism can produce an electric current. • An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. • As long as there is a current flowing, a magnetic field is present. • A simple electromagnet consists of a • battery, • copper wire • iron nail • The strength of the electromagnet depends on: • the number of turns in the wire coil • and the size of the iron core • The amount of voltage.

  48. Electrical Machines Motor Generator Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy Ex: windmill, turbine • Converts electric energy to mechanical energy • Ex: battery, drill

  49. EOCT Review Chemistry

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