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Water and environment Pollution  mechanical  chemical  biological  thermal

Environmental Engineering WATER. Water and environment Pollution  mechanical  chemical  biological  thermal Eutrophication – sources x consequences Use of water. Martina Sobotková, David Zumr

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Water and environment Pollution  mechanical  chemical  biological  thermal

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  1. Environmental EngineeringWATER Water and environment Pollution  mechanical  chemical  biological  thermal Eutrophication – sources x consequences Use of water Martina Sobotková, David Zumr Dept. of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape EngineeringB775 martina.sobotkova.1@fsv.cvut.cz

  2. Presentations can be downloaded at: http://storm.fsv.cvut.cz/ … online lectures H2O SOFTWARE OF THE LIFE

  3. Water always had two main functions:  life-giving liquid  way how to dispose wastes „Water? – we have enough!“ … really ??? According to UN in 2003 6mil. m3 of waste/day to water http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html http://www.unwater.org/topics/teaching-water/en/ „109 people on the Earth have not enough water, 2,5 x more people have not enough water for basic hygiene → risk of illnesses or  And what is yourdaily water consumption ??? Let us see in the end of lecture

  4. General water budget

  5. Water circulation one of basic cycles, ran by sun energy..... Smallhydrological cycle: (longer, but less volume) Ocean – air – land - ocean Largehydrological cycle : (shorter, but more volume) Ocean – air - ocean

  6. GLOBAL WATER BALANCE – WATER CIRCULATION Circulation above oceans is more frequent and effective

  7. STRATEGIES FOR STORING RAINWATER AND RETAINING SOIL • to improve agricultural yields on that scale will require a radical rethink of global water-management strategies and policies(Johan Rockström and Malin Falkenmark) • to improve agricultural yields on that scale will require a radical rethink of global water-management strategies and policies Nature519,283–285(19 March 2015), doi:10.1038/519283a.

  8. STRATEGIES FOR STORING RAINWATER AND RETAINING SOIL • water harvesting has been introduced to several parts of Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania, since the 1980s by non-governmental and development organizations including the UN. It has improved the stability of crop yields and can raise productivity from 1 tone per hectare to 3–4 tones Source: D. Molden (ed.) Water for Food, Water for Life (IWMI, 2007)

  9. STRATEGIES FOR STORING RAINWATER AND RETAINING SOIL • hiding the African Achilles' heel of water scarcity behind unclear wording in the SDGs is a grave mistake • without connecting water, food, growth and poverty, the sustainable development framework will not deliver on its promise to Africa More information can be found: http://www.nature.com/news/agriculture-increase-water-harvesting-in-africa-1.17116 Nature519,283–285(19 March 2015), doi:10.1038/519283a.

  10. IDEAS TO STRETCH WATER SUPPLIES • a coating one molecule thick to reduce evaporation from reservoirs (http://www.nature.com/news/slick-idea-proposed-to-stretch-water-supplies-1.17012) • FRESH WATER POLLUTION • algae pollution (http://www.nature.com/news/europe-sounds-alarm-over-freshwater-pollution-1.17021)

  11. FRESH WATER POLLUTION • algae pollution (http://www.nature.com/news/europe-sounds-alarm-over-freshwater-pollution-1.17021)

  12. Pollution of water • Mechanical (sediments, cloud, solid particles,) • Chemical (toxic substances, PCB, individual reactive substances, NH3,…) • Biological (organic) (organic matters, nutrients,…, introduced organisms) • Thermal (increasing of temperature of the environment)

  13. Mechanical • Solid particles in a water • Lower penetration of light = influences life • Organisms can be injured, abrasion of technical structures • Siltation of the channels, reservoirs, ... • Secondary contamination by bounded matters

  14. Chemical • Mostly poisoning of all life in a water – in case when chemical staff is not accumulated in the sediment – time limited • Rare events (accidents) • Can be identified and proved • Well defined • Mostly, technical treatment is possible http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/29/human-impact-world-rivers-water-security http://www.takepart.com/photos/10-most-polluted-rivers-world/yellow-river--lanzhou-china

  15. Biological • Introduction of nutrients EUTROPHICATION (see later) • Increasing of fertility of the environment – org. matters become source of food, what causes oxygen problems • Oxygen sag curve • The essential and the most common problem of fresh water in our conditions http://www.takepart.com/photos/10-most-polluted-rivers-world/buriganga-river--dhaka-bangladesh • Introduced organisms – no competition in given environment (society), force out original species (střevlička východní (Pseudorazbora), netykavka žlaznatá (Impatiensglandulifera), bolševník velkolepý (Heracleum mantegazzianum

  16. Complex organic matter is decomposed… ….. up to mineralization Environment (water) rich with nutrients …. Microorganisms start to breed rapidly The activity is very demanding to oxygen content

  17. Oxygen sag curve in river organic pollution small hydropowerplant O2 (mg/l) 8 6 possible influence of aeration 4 alternative of strong organic pollution – ecological dissaster 2 L (km) carps have died trouts have died

  18. Introduced organisms…. …. rarely are understood as „pollution“ Organisms, which have no competition in given biotope They are harmful as beast(predators) or just because of vitality • plunder other organisms and decimate their populations • occupy space….

  19. Thermal • Often underestimated • Accents effects of other pollution types – mainly organic one, higher reactivity • Mosaic of animal species is affected • O2 solubility is decreasing with increasing temperature

  20. Oxygen sag curve in river – effect of thermal pollution organic pollution small hydropowerplant cooling water outflow O2 (mg/l) 8 6 possible influence of aeration 4 alternative of strong organic pollution – ecological dissaster 2 possible effect of secondary increase of temperature L (km) carps have died trouts have died

  21. Eutrophication • Increase of fertility of water – large amounts of algae and blu-green algaes grow in the water • One of the main problems of fresh water • Caused by macro-biogenic elements (nutrients) • N, C, O – excess in environment • K, P – limiting substances

  22. Pollution sources: N • Atmospheric deposition • Non-point pollution sources (agriculture) P • Domestic waste water (feces (excrements), washing powder) (ca 50 %) • Non-point pollution sources (agriculture) – soil erosion (ca 50 %) Limits: 0,01 – 0,05 mg/l Ptot. Common concentrations: 0,1 – 0,4 mg/l Ptot. In streams within agricultural landscape

  23. Eutrophication – mainly in freshwater necessary conditions – temperature, nutrients, sun rays Phosphorus – can not to be removed from the system using natural processes – constantly in circulation (can be eliminated but just temporarily – stratification of the reservoirs, oxyc conditions, pH value, ...)

  24. ... blossoming water level in water reservoir Hostivař ....

  25. What is the problem of eutrophication? Aesthetics… Limited light penetration (sun can not reach lower layers → plants depletion… O2→CO2) Oxygen problems (decomposion of biomass after algae collaps→ consumption of O2 – disaster) Helath problems → allergy (disabling swimming) → accute toxicity (see tab.) Drinking water supply problems (water highly blossomed is hard to be treated)

  26. source: Maršálek B. (2002): Sinice a jejich toxiny. http://www.sinice.cz/.(sinice = blue-green algae)

  27. Use of water (consumption) Global consumption of fresh water since1950 consumption increased 3x! Agriculture (irrigation, fishing, cattle…) Industry (cooling water, cleaning, washing, …) Households – mean consumption of water in CR (2004) 105 l/pers.d (Praha 135 l/pers.day → losses ca 27% … in former time losses up to 40%!)

  28. Basic principles of waste water treatment plant the only mechanical treatment (straining, sedimentation) and biological degradation  Chemical treatment only for certain special industrial processes • Rack (česle) – rough, flowing particles elimination • Primary sedimentation • Biological degradation (biofilter, activation with activated sludge, …) • Secondary sedimentation (biological sludge elimination) • Optionally – further extra chemical stages – N, P precipitation Till 2010 all municipalities >2000 inhabitants!

  29. Organic pollution can be described by: • BOD5 – biological oxygen demand (five-days) = „amount of the oxygen, necessary for decomposition of all biologically degradable organic matters in a water during 5 days“ (mg O2/l) • CODMn (resp. CODCr) – chemical oxygen demand (manganistanem, resp. dichromanem) = „amount of the oxygen, necessary for decomposition of ALL organic matters using chemical substances“(mg O2/l)

  30. Waste water treatment = intenzification of natural processes in streams… Sedimentation + bio-degradation... → around and around! Quality of fresh water according to ČSN 75 7221. Criteria: • Sensorial evaluation (scent, color, taste, ...) • Organic matter content (BOD,...) • Mechanical pollution (suspended solids, ...) • Radioactivity (U236, ...) • Chemical matter content (PCB, ...) 5 classes – classification according to the worst result

  31. Situation in 1990

  32. Situation in 2002

  33. Thank you for your attention….

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