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TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY. The Jeffersonian Revolution. Over 6 feet tall Not a good public speaker Great writer renaissance man Incredibly well-read (science & philosophy) Continental Congress member Assemblyman in Virginia Gov. of Virginia

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TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

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  1. TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

  2. The Jeffersonian Revolution • Over 6 feet tall • Not a good public speaker • Great writer • renaissance man • Incredibly well-read (science & philosophy) • Continental Congress member • Assemblyman in Virginia • Gov. of Virginia • Author of Dec. of Independence • Minister to France • Secretary of State • Vice President • Is he qualified to be President?

  3. Westward Expansion • Treaty of Paris (1783) didn’t protect Indian land • Americans gave Indians two choices: • Give up land • Fight for land • Indians: initial successes (1790-91) fighting

  4. Westward Expansion • 1794 – General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeats seven unified tribes (Battle of Fallen Timbers) • Treaty of Greenville (1795) • Indians own west of Appalachians • SE portion NW Territory ceded to U.S. • seen as Indian land under American protection

  5. Westward Expansion • Treaty of Greenville -- End of conflict? • NO • People kept coming • William H. Harrison (future president); land (ethically?) in Indiana Territory • Georgia, Tennessee, and Mississippi Territory made agreements with Indians

  6. Westward Expansion • Why move west? • Depleted soil in east • Plantation owners have most/best land • Yeomen, poor farmers want better land • Young want opportunity

  7. Westward Expansion • Issues • Kentucky • Squatters from Virginia claimed land • Virginia allowed up to 1400 acres (buy) • 21 wealthy groups got average of 100,000 acres • What will be the effect? • New England • Soil exhausted • Families subdivided land • Moved to western New York, Ohio, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont • Few wealthy speculators bought up most • Left little for yeomen • Rent was charged • What will be the effect?

  8. Westward Expansion • Eastern Agricultural Changes • Lost labor and capital • Changed crops (potatoes) • Iron plows replaced wood • Crop rotation • Year round farming • What will be the effect? • Transportation Issues • Difficult to get crops to market • Needed to be on/near water • States began internal improvements • Turnpikes • Improved waterways • Canals • Mississippi River (& tributaries) = major trade route • New Orleans = major port • What will be the effect?

  9. What issues about land ownership are developing with westward expansion? Who should own the land?

  10. Jefferson’s Political Principles • Themes of inaugural • Jefferson’s principles • Rejected idea of political elite • Backbone of democracy = free, independent farmers • Universal suffrage (no property ownership) • Easier for yeoman farmers • Small government (governs best when governs least) • Strict constructionalist

  11. Jefferson – The Beginning of the “Virginia Dynasty” • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • James Monroe They hold the presidency from 1801-1825

  12. Jeffersonian Restraint • Jefferson’s priority: undo Federalist abuses • Pardoned convicted under Alien and Sedition Act • Naturalization law (1802): residency five years • Repealed excise tax (saved US $1 mil. per year) • Reduced national debt • What does he do to core of Hamilton’s financial program?

  13. Judiciary Act of 1801 • “Midnight judges” appointed by Adams • Congress went after Federalist judges • Jefferson focused on ability • Chief Justice John Marshall • Shaped meaning of Constitution • Chief Justice for 34 years

  14. Other Federalist reversals • Reduced size of army • Abolished taxes (kept right to use) • Avoided large national debt • Secretary of Treasury, Albert Gallatin halved national debt • Reversed tributes to Barbary pirates

  15. Jefferson Turns Warrior • North African Barbary Pirates seizing American ships • Navy & Marines fight undeclared war • Tripoli backed down (1805)

  16. The Louisiana Purchase • Spain: Louisiana from France after French & Indian War • 1800: Spain ceded back to France (secret until 1803) • Why does France want it? • 1798: Spain withdrew “right of deposit” (use Port of New Orleans) • Farmers’ reaction? • Jefferson’s options? • Right restored in 1801

  17. The Louisiana Purchase • Robert Livingston and James Monroe negotiate • Instructions? • Purchase port of New Orleans

  18. The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon offers all for $15 mil. • Why? • Failed effort to retake Haiti • War with Britain imminent • Needed money! • Livingston and Monroe agree

  19. Louisiana In The Long View • Does Jefferson follow Constitution? • Doubled size of country (very fertile land) • Increased westward expansion • Feeling that country was unlimited • Seeds of Manifest Destiny: America destined to control entire continent

  20. Opposition to Louisiana • Federalists: unconstitutional • Hurts New England economically • New England talks secession • Ask for Hamilton’s help, he refuses • Asked Aaron Burr, he agrees • Hamilton accuses Burr of attempting to overthrow the union!

  21. Hamilton-Burr Duel • Burr killed Hamilton • Charged with murder; flees to Southwest • Burr accused of treason • Acquitted of charges

  22. Exploring the Louisiana Purchase and the West

  23. Jefferson’s Second Term • Re-elected (1804) in landslide (162-14) over C.C. Pinckney • Second term: try to stay neutral (avoid European conflicts)

  24. Jefferson’s Second Term • Napoleon reignites war • 1806: France supreme on land, Brits on seas • At first, US shippers get rich trading to both

  25. America: A Neutral? Power? • British blockading continental ports • French banned British and neutral ships • Why would US see this as violation? (think Washington) • U.S. CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE! • England stops ships looking for deserters • England impresses over 6000 US sailors between 1808-11 • Problem?

  26. HMS Leopard v. US Chesapeake 1807

  27. Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo • National outrage/honor required action! • options? • Embargo Act (1807) • U.S. ships: couldn’t leave ports until British and French repealed restrictions • Felt England and France needed America

  28. What does this cartoon mean?

  29. Embargo • Most people HATED it. Why? • New England Federalists particularly mad • What did they argue? • Consequences: • Three times more costly than war • Ruined U.S. shipping • Ultimately helped New England factories • Fostered American industry

  30. Non-Intercourse Act • March 1809 (end of Jefferson’s term) Congress repealed embargo for Non-Intercourse Act • Lifted embargo except on British and French ports • Impossible to enforce • Led to further problems with British

  31. How would you evaluate the success/failure of Jefferson? Worthy of a third term?

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