The Human Body: An Orientation

1. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. I promise…. • I will treat you with respect. • I will push you to reach your potential. • I will assign meaningful work (no busy work!). • You can see/talk to me about anything. • I will make this a safe place to learn. • I will grade fairly in a timely manner. • I will give you second chances.

3. You promise… • To respect everyone in the class. • To be honest. • To do your best work. • To not be afraid to be wrong! • To take second chances offered. • Michael Jordan

4. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function Structure determines function!!

5. Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable

6. Parotid gland Mouth (oral cavity) Sublingual gland Tongue Salivary glands Submandibular gland Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small intestine Jejunum lleum Ascending colon Large intestine Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal Figure 14.1

7. Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic anatomy (Histology) Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope

8. Gastric pits Surface epithelium Gastric pit Pyloric sphincter Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric gland Gastric glands Chief cells (c) Figure 14.4c

9. Pepsinogen Pepsin HCl Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cell (d) Figure 14.4d

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16. Molecules Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessels 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Cardio– vascular system Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1

17. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Synthesizes vitamin D

18. Skin (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.2a

19. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

20. Cartilages Joint Bones (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. Figure 1.2b

21. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat

22. Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. Figure 1.2c

23. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands

24. Brain Sensory receptor Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.2d

25. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

26. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. Figure 1.2e

27. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

28. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. Figure 1.2f

29. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity

30. Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels (g) Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Figure 1.2g

31. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

32. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Left lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.2h

33. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material as feces

34. Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.2i

35. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes

36. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.2j

37. Reproductive Produces offspring Testes produce sperm and male hormone Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones Organ System Overview

38. Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Vas deferens Penis Vagina Testis Scrotum (k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.2k–l

39. Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintain boundaries 2. Movement Locomotion Movement of substances 3. Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react 4. Digestion Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

40. Necessary Life Functions 5. Metabolism- chemical reactions within body Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Build larger molecules from smaller ones Produces energy Regulated by hormones 6. Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

41. Necessary Life Functions 7. Reproduction Occurs on cellular level or organismal level Produces future generation 8. Growth Increases cell size and number of cells

42. Survival Needs 1. Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals 2. Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

43. Survival Needs 3. Water 60 to 80 percent of body weight Most abundant chemical in human body Provides for metabolic reaction 4. Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) 5. Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate for gas exchange

44. Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Digestive systemTakes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) O2 CO2 Food Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbondioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Heart Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary systemProtects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine Figure 1.3

45. Homeostasis 1. Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment a. A dynamic state of equilibrium b. Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life 2. Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

46. 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4

47. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 1

48. Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 2

49. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Afferent pathway Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 3

50. 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 4