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Blood

Blood. Functions. Transports Dissolved gasses Nutrients Waste products to lungs and kidneys Enzymes Hormones from endocrine organs. Functions. Regulates pH Electrolyte concentration of body fluids Body temperature Restricts fluid loss Defends pathogens and toxins. Components.

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Blood

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  1. Blood

  2. Functions • Transports • Dissolved gasses • Nutrients • Waste products to lungs and kidneys • Enzymes • Hormones from endocrine organs

  3. Functions • Regulates • pH • Electrolyte concentration of body fluids • Body temperature • Restricts fluid loss • Defends pathogens and toxins

  4. Components • Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue • It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements • Plasma (55%) • 90% water • minerals, sugars, lipids, hormones, proteins (fibrinogen, and albumen) • Formed elements (45%) include: • Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) • Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) • Platelets

  5. Physical Characteristics and Volume • Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste • Color varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor) • The pH of blood is 7.35–7.45 • Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight • Average volume of blood is 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females

  6. Blood maintains: • Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat • Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems • Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

  7. Protection • Blood prevents blood loss by: • Activating plasma proteins and platelets • Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken • Blood prevents infection by: • Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies • Activating complement proteins • Activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders

  8. Erythrocytes • Biconcave discs & anucleate allow for a huge surface area to volume ratio • Hematocrit – percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume. (Ave) 46 adult men & 42 adult women. • There are roughly 5 million RBCs in each microliter of blood; they transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and have large surface-to volume ratios. • Red blood cells account for slightly less than half the blood volume.

  9. Erythrocytes • Erythrocytes are unable to perform normal maintenance operations and usually degenerate after about 120 days in the circulation. • Each red blood cell contains molecules of hemoglobin (Hgb), a globular protein formed from four subunits. Each subunit contains a single molecule of heme, which can reversibly bind oxygen.

  10. Erythrocytes • Heme molecules bind to oxygen when plasma concentrations are high; the oxygen is released when plasma concentrations decline. • Carbon dioxide molecules can be bound to the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule.

  11. Hemoglobin

  12. Erythrocyte Disorders • Anemia – blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity • It is a symptom rather than a disease itself • Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism • Signs/symptoms include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

  13. Erythrocyte Disorders • Anemia: Insufficient Erythrocytes • Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood (e.g.Trauma & Menstruation) • Hemolytic anemia – prematurely ruptured erythrocytes • Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

  14. Anemia: Decreased Hemoglobin Content • Iron-deficiency anemia results from: • A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia • Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods • Impaired iron absorption • Pernicious anemia results from: • Deficiency of vitamin B12 • Often caused by lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12

  15. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) • Nuclei • No hemoglobin • Functions: • leucocytes are phagocytic - What does that mean? • effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, transplanted cells and cancer cells

  16. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia • Leukemia refer to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells • Leukemias are named according to the abnormal white blood cells involved • Immature white blood cells are found in the bloodstream in all leukemias

  17. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia • Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes • The white blood cells produced, though numerous, are not functional • Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections

  18. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia • Acute leukemia involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children • Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in older people

  19. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia Symptoms • Anemia       • Fever • Weakness and fatigue • Frequent infections

  20. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia Symptoms • Loss of appetite and/or weight • Swollen or tender lymph nodes, liver, or spleen • Easy bleeding or bruising • Tiny red spots (called petechiae) under the skin

  21. Leukocyte Disorders: Leukemia Symptoms • Swollen or bleeding gums • Sweating, especially at night; and/or • Bone or joint pain.

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