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melanona

The strongest risk factors for melanoma are a family history of melanoma, multiple benign or atypical nevi, and a previous melanoma.

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melanona

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  1. melanona

  2. Melanona melanoma accounts for only 4 percent of all dermatologic cancers, it is responsible for 80 percent of deaths from skin cancer; only 14 percent of patients with metastatic melanoma survive for five years

  3. Clinical Picture (ABCD rule) Asymmetry Borders (irregular with edges and corners) Colour (variegated) Diameter (greater than 6 mm (0.24 in), about the size of a pencil eraser) Evolving over time Funny looking This classification does not apply to nodular melanoma, which has its own classifications Elevated above the skin surface Firm to the touch , Growing

  4. Diagnosis ABCD rule illustration: On the left side from top to bottom: melanomas showing (A) Asymmetry, (B) a border that is uneven, ragged, or notched, (C) coloring of different shades of brown, black, or tan and (D) diameter that had changed in size. The normal moles on the right side do not have abnormal characteristics (no asymmetry, even border, even color, no change in diameter).

  5. The Clark model of the progression of melanoma emphasizes the stepwise transformation of melanocytes to melanoma

  6. Biologic Events and Molecular Changes in the Progression of Melanoma.

  7. Biologic Events and Molecular Changes in the Progression of Melanoma. At the stage of the benign nevus, BRAF mutation and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway occur. The cytologic atypia in dysplastic nevi reflect lesions within the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) pathways. Further progression of melanoma is associated with decreased differentiation and the decreased expression of melanoma markers regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF).The vertical growth phase and metastatic melanoma are notable for striking changes in the control of cell adhesion.Changes in the expression of the melanocyte specific gene melastatin 1 (TRPM1) correlate with metastatic propensity, but the function of this gene remains unknown. Other changes include the loss of E-cadherin and increased expression of N-cadherin, αVβ3 integrin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).

  8. Environmental and Genetic Interactions The strongest risk factors for melanoma are a family history of melanoma, multiple benign or atypical nevi, and a previous melanoma. Immunosuppression, sun sensitivity, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation are additional risk factors. Each of these risk factors corresponds to a genetic predisposition or an environmental stressor that contributes to the genesis of melanoma.

  9. PHOTOSENSITIVITY, TANNING, AND MELANOMA The effect of exposure to ultraviolet light is governed by variations in particular genes (polymorphisms) that affect both the defensive response of the skin to ultraviolet light and the risk of melanoma. Ultraviolet radiation causes genetic changes in the skin, impairs cutaneous immune function, increases the local production of growth factors, and induces the formation of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species that affect keratinocytes and melanocytes

  10. Treatment adjuvant treatment Chemotherapy ( Dacarbazine, isolated limb infusion (ILI) ) Targeted therapy ( BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib and a MEK inhibitor trametinib are the most effective, approved treatments for BRAF positive melanoma. ) Immunotherapy ( immune check point inhibitor treatment, pembrolizumab,Adoptive cell transfer refers to the application of pre-stimulated, modified T cells or dendritic cells and is presently used to minimize complications from graft-versus-host disease

  11. Prognosis 5 year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for melanoma of the skin in the United States as of 2014

  12. Factors that affect prognosis include tumor thickness in millimeters (Breslow's depth), depth related to skin structures (Clark level), type of melanoma, presence of ulceration, presence of lymphatic/perineural invasion, presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (if present, prognosis is better), location of lesion, presence of satellite lesions, and presence of regional or distant metastasis.

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