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World History

World History. From the Medieval Era to the Early Modern Era. Unit 1. ROME. Chapter 1. Studying the Ancient World. Studying the Ancient World. Specialized Vocabulary Every field has its own vocabulary. BC : Before Christ . Larger date means earlier in time

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World History

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  1. World History From the Medieval Era to the Early Modern Era

  2. Unit 1 ROME

  3. Chapter 1 Studying the Ancient World

  4. Studying the Ancient World • Specialized Vocabulary • Every field has its own vocabulary. • BC: Before Christ. • Larger date means earlier in time • AD: In the year of our Lord. • Larger dates mean laterin time. • BCE: Before common era = BC. • CE: Common era=AD.

  5. Understanding Centuries • The 1st century runs from year 1 to 99. • The 2nd century…. 100 to 199. • The 21st century… 2000 to 2099.

  6. Terminology • History is the study of the past. • Historians study history. • Historians investigate the cause and effect of events. • Why did Rome adopt Christianity as its state religion? • How did Christianity alter the Roman empire? • A primary source is a record of an event by a witness or participant. A photo of a wedding ceremony. • A secondary source is a record of an event by a non participant or non-witness. A textbook or encyclopedia.

  7. Archaeology • Archaeology is the study of the past based on fossil and artifact remains. • A fossil is a part or impression of something once alive. For example: foot print or bone. • An artifact is a created object used by humans. • For example: a tool, coin, weapon or jewelry. • Where fossils and artifacts are found reveals the past. Why? • What fossils and artifacts are found together reveals the past. Why?

  8. Value of Legends • Legends may be based on facts. • Legends may contain clues to the past.

  9. Anthropology • Anthropology is the study of mankind, society and culture. • A society is a community (group) of people with a shared culture. • Social structure is how a society is organized. For example: family/clan, feudal manor, or royal nation. • Culture is the beliefs, customs and attitudes of a group of people. It is transmitted from one generation to another.

  10. Politics & Economics • A political system is the method or framework through which a society is governed. Example? • An economic system is the method of production and exchange of goods and services, as well as allocation of resources, in a society. Example? • What are artifacts of a political system? • What are artifacts of an economic system?

  11. Rosetta Stone • The Rosetta Stone is a granodioritestele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptianhieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presented essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Why three languages?

  12. ART & ARCHITECTURE • Both reveal a society’s technological level, belief systems and aspirations. How? • Both are often used to express religious beliefs. • Both are used to reinforce political and economic systems. • What could be learned from architecture? Walls? Height? • What could be learned from private art? Public Art?

  13. Clues to Beliefs & Systems • Written sources: lectures, teachings, scrolls • Legal sources: laws, codes, court records • Art: statues, mosaics, reliefs, frescoes, vases • Architecture: temples, villas, palaces, roads

  14. Updating • New discoveries, artifacts and fossils, may require a revision of our interpretation of the past. • Examples: a new ancient human bone found in US Southwest; a new Mesopotamian accounting system unearthed; Trojan shipwrecks discovered on African coast.

  15. Other factors • Societal Perspective • Political Correctness • Tendency for wealthy to leave a historic record. • Personal/Political Opinion

  16. Chapter 2 The Roman Empire

  17. A Roman Empire is Built • From 700’s BC – 100’s AD Rome grew from a village to a vast empire of millions of people. • The Roman Empire centered around the Mediterranean Sea. • It stretched from Spain (W) to Mesopotamia (E) and from Britain (N) to Egypt (S). • Rome began as a kingdom ruled by a king. • Later, Rome became a republic ruled by elected leaders. The Republic lasted 100’s of years. Rome grew in wealth, size and influence. • A period of chaos led to the collapse of the Republic. Rome became an empire.

  18. Roman Emperors • Augustus, 1st emperor, set precedents for emperors. • Declare War • Raise Taxes • Punish Criminals • Nominate Public Officials • Influence Senatorial Proceedings • Lead Religious Celebrations • Good emperors increased the size of Rome and protected its citizens. Bad ones abused their power, oppressed their citizens and sought only personal pleasure. Despite the bad, the Roman Empire lasted for hundreds of years.

  19. Citizenship & Law • Roman law was written and posted publically. Benefit? • Laws were designed to prevent unfair treatment. • The law applied to everyone. • Citizens were the people allowed to participate in government. Only citizens voted or held public office. • Citizens had to pay taxes; males had to serve in army. • Romanitas (Roman Culture) was prized by citizens. • Roman citizenship was valued worldwide. • Many conquered people dreamt of being Rom. Citizens. • Loyalty to the empire was strong worldwide.

  20. Roman Advancement • Romans dreamed of creating a perfect imperial city and a perfect Roman society. • Romans attempted to improve the quality of life. • Engineers, architects, artisans and philosophers were employed to make life more comfortable and efficient. • Their efforts produced an example of lasting beauty: Rome.

  21. Engineering • Engineers designed many structures to improve Roman life. • They built durable roads that still exists. • They built bridges and baths one can still see. • They built aqueducts to transport water from mountains to Rome and other cities. • The Coliseum remains a model for modern arenas. • Modern engineering and architectural technique is inspired by 2000 year old Roman models.

  22. Architecture • As the aqueduct showed, architecture and engineering are closely related. • Architecture is the art of designing buildings. • Roman architects sought large, strong beautiful buildings. • Romans admired and copied Greek architecture. • They used columns to create majesty and openness. • Romans introduced the arch. • Roman architecture has been emulated throughout history, especially in the neoclassical era.

  23. ART • Romans borrowed heavily from Greek artistic styles. • The aesthetic goal was realism. • Statues and portraits were lifelike. • Personality could be discerned. • Art students still study Greek and Roman art in order to create realism.

  24. Philosophy • Philosophy means love of wisdom. • Philosophers sought to reveal truth. • Greek philosophers focused on ideal societies. • Roman philosophers sought to improve life. • How can man live a happy life? Any ideas? • Stoics focused on virtue and sacrifice. • Live for future generations not your own. • Stoicism fueled Roman sense of civic duty. • Live so you enhance society not yourself. • The Puritan work ethic borrows from Stoicism.

  25. Christianity • Christianity developed in Rome as the followers of Jesus grew in numbers. Jesus was a Jew that his followers claimed was the Messiah. After Jesus was crucified, His followers claimed He resurrected. Christians were admonished to live a moral life and await Christ's return. • During a period of vicious persecution, Christianity spread through the empire. Christians refused to worship the emperor as a god because such violated the Ten Commandments. Hundreds of thousands were put to death. • Nonetheless, Christianity spread and grew stronger. Emperor Constantine, married to a Christian, converted Rome to Christianity (312AD) following a famous dream called “With this sign you will conquer.” • By 400AD Christianity is the state religion of Rome.

  26. Christianity Spreads • By 300AD most of the Roman population was Christian. • Christianity had spread from South West Asia, Jerusalem, in the Middle East, to England, Spain, Africa, Egypt, Byzantium and Hungary. • Indeed, the structure and organization of the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout East and West Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. • The Bishop of Rome, the Pope, became the most influential leader in Roman Christianity. • Christianity spread peacefully not by sword.

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