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Part 2 Understanding Inference 瞭解推論

Part 2 Understanding Inference 瞭解推論. 探索性資料分析與統計推論 Exploratory Data Analysis and Statistical Inference. Exploratory Data Analysis and Statistical Inference (Cont.). These distinctions help us understand how inference differs from data analysis, but in practice the two approaches cooperate.

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Part 2 Understanding Inference 瞭解推論

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  1. Part 2 Understanding Inference瞭解推論

  2. 探索性資料分析與統計推論Exploratory Data Analysis and Statistical Inference

  3. Exploratory Data Analysis and Statistical Inference (Cont.) • These distinctions help us understand how inference differs from data analysis, but in practice the two approaches cooperate. • Inference usually requires that the pattern of the data be reasonably regular. • Data analysis, especially using graphs, is an essential first step when we do inference. • A good design for producing data is the best guarantee that inference makes sense.

  4. Chapter 4Probability and Sampling Distributions機率與樣本分配

  5. Chapter 4Probability and Sampling Distributions機率與抽樣分配 • Introduction • 4.1 Randomness • 4.2 Probability Models • 4.3 Distributions

  6. 前言 • 統計推論的理論依據詢問這樣的問題: “如果我使用它非常多次,該方法多常得到正確的結論?” • 使用機率來觀察或實驗取得資料所做的結論可用機率法則來推斷‘多次重複使用後的情況’(不必真的去重複做)。

  7. Section 4.1 Randomness隨機性

  8. 參數與統計量 • 參數(parameter)是描述母體的數字。在統計實務上,由於沒辦法檢驗全部母體,此數多為未知數。 • 統計量(statistic)是在不使用未知參數下僅以樣本計算出的數字。在實務上,我們常用統計量來推估未知參數。

  9. 參數與統計量(例題4.1) • 全國家戶調查得到的樣本戶平均收入 ,是描述樣本戶的數字,是統計量。 • 全國家戶調查所要推論的母體是美國103 百萬戶,有興趣的參數為全部母體的平均收入。 • 樣本平均數(sample mean)多記為 ,母體平均數(population mean)多記為 m。

  10. 機率概念 • 抽樣變異(sampling variability) :重複隨機樣本多次,每次得到的統計量都不相同。 • 母體103 百萬戶的平均收入為 m,每次抽取一組樣本,其樣本平均數 都不一樣。 • 長期觀察的結果,樣本的變異性仍然呈現一個穩定的行為。 • 機率行為短期內難以預測,長期而言,則呈現一個穩定可預測的形態。

  11. 例題4.2:擲銅板實驗 • 擲銅板1000次,每次記錄累計的正面次數:

  12. 擲銅板實驗圖

  13. 例題4.3:擲銅板實驗記錄 • 法國伯爵Buffon (1707-1788)擲 4040次正面2,048次,正面比率為0.5069。 • 英國統計學家Karl Pearson (190?)擲 24,000次,正面12,012次,正面比率為0.5005。 • 南非數學家John Kerrich 二次大戰在牢裡 擲 10,000次正面5067次,正面比率為0.5067。

  14. 隨機性(Randomness) • 對真實世界的觀察,隨機處處可見。 • 擲銅板的結果;放射性物質兩次釋放粒子之間的時間;實驗室老鼠下胎小老鼠的性別。 • 隨機樣本或隨機實驗的結果,也是一樣。 • 獨立(independence):兩次實驗的結果不會互相影響。 • 真實世界的機率,僅能從觀察許多的結果推測。但耗時。 • 電腦模擬可從給定的機率來模仿行為。

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