Ideological Reorganisation of China 1912-1921

1. Ideological Reorganisation of China 1912-1921 Intellectual and Political Changes

2. Origins of the Three Principles of the People Proposed by Sun Yat-sen 1905 Broad political, social and economic programs:Nationalism, Democracy and People�s Livelihood Purpose was both to:-attract more people to the anti-Manchu revolutionary movement- prepare for national re-construction after revolutionary success.

3. Merits of theThree Principles of the People

4. Weaknesses of The Three Principles of the People Lack of effective methods to put ideas into practice General neglect of the countryside Dangers of delayed democracy Some illogical and inconsistent ideas

5. Failure of Republican Form of Government Harmful effects of Yuan Shikai�s dictatorial policies China�s lack of democratic tradition Selfishness of local provincial gentry and militarists Political inexperience and disunity of progressive forces Parties� lack of popular support Nationalism over democracy

6. Yuan Shikai and Early Republic Dictatorial policies Assassination of Song Chiao-jen � disbanded the parliament in 1913 1914 Constitutional Compact � effective dictatorship 1915 Peace Planning Society � return to monarchy - plan to become Emperor Badly misjudged public sentiment and level of support 1916 died of natural causes

7. Background of Warlord Period Influence of China�s geography and history Decline and fall of Qing Dynasty Political decentralization and rise of regional military forces Effects of late Qing provincial and local self-rule Gradual disappearance of traditional prejudice against military profession Failure of 1911 Revolution to achieve real unification Death of Yuan Shikai (�Father of the Chinese Warlords�)

9. Effects of the Warlord Period Economic: Agricultural production declined Trade restricted Industry � �donations� required � lack of long-term investment commitment Intellectual: Growth of Nationalism Rise of propaganda slogans Rise of willingness of intellectuals to save China from warlords No single national ideology � experimentation Many intellectuals lost touch with common people Rise of Mao Zedong and Communists

10. Effects of the Warlord Period Social: Common people exploited � heavy taxes Loss of life Secret societies formed for self-protection Decline of Confucian leadership role of scholar-gentry Open to new ideas Loyalty - Regionalism Rise of reward/benefit as basis of human relationships � decline of Confucianism

11. Effects of the Warlord Period Political: Parliamentary republic based on Western model a failure - willingness to consider alternatives Need for military backing �Guomindang and CCP became more realistic and practical Leaders emerging had strong military backgrounds Political decentralization � Guomindang attempts at reform weakened in fighting Communists Political disunity encouraged increase in foreign imperialism � Japanese aggression 1930s

12. A Diagrammatic Summary of Intellectual Changes

13. Foreign Educated Leaders of the New Culture Movement

14. Characteristics of New Culture Movement

15. Effects of First World War China contributed to Allied labour battalions Treaty of Versailles: - allowed Allied powers to keep concessions in China  - Japan to take over German concessions in China - Chinese denied principle of self-determination granted to other nations January 1915 � Japan�s �Twenty One Demands� Nationwide anti-Japanese rallies and boycott of Japanese goods Rise in support of Guomindang

16. May 4 Movement (1919) Spontaneous demonstrations against Japanese by Beijing students: Death to the Traitors Abolish the 21 Demands Reclaim Tsingtao China belongs to the Chinese Rapidly spread to other cities despite govt attempts to repress Enduring legacy of national expression Chinese delegates did not sign Treaty of Versailles

17. Embracing New Ideas

19. So What? Relate this to your chosen assignment topic where appropriate. Complete the Paragraph Practice activity in the Online Quizzes section